An ecological barrier between the Himalayas and the Hengduan Mountains maintains the disjunct distribution of Roscoea

Abstract

AbstractAimRegional disjunction in mountainous regions is ubiquitous and is closely associated with the evolution of mountain biodiversity. However, the mechanisms of maintaining regional disjunction are often ignored, especially regarding the role of ecological barriers. The aim of this study is to test whether an ecological barrier maintains the regional disjunction of Roscoea between the Himalayas (HIM) and the Hengduan Mountains/Yun‐Gui Plateau (HMY).LocationThe Himalayas and the Hengduan Mountains/Yun‐Gui Plateau, Asia.TaxonMonocot:Zingiberales:Zingiberaceae:Roscoea.MethodsOccurrence data from Roscoea were collected from public databases and field investigations. Environmental niche modelling (ENM) was used to predict the potential distribution of Roscoea during the Last Interglacial (LIG), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the present and the future. An environmental variable difference test, principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant function analysis (DFA) and niche identity test were employed to qualify and quantify the contributions of environmental factors to ecological divergence based on 7 and 26 environmental variables.ResultsEnvironmental niche modelling predicted an ecological gap of Roscoea between the HIM and the HMY from the LIG into the future, excluding the LGM. Statistically significant differences were detected in eight unique environmental variables across the Gap, which was mostly related to low temperatures and high moisture levels. The PCA, DFA and niche identity test suggested larger ecological separations among the Gap, the HIM and the HMY based on 26 environmental variables than based on seven variables.Main conclusionsAll clues point to an ecological barrier that has been maintaining the regional disjunction of Roscoea. This ecological barrier is predicted to be stable under future climate change and may reflect long‐term ecological divergence shaped by the adaptation of Roscoea to divergent habitats. Our study highlights that the effects of specific environmental variables, with possible interactions among multiple ecological factors, being closely related to the ecological barrier.