An eco-friendly convenient approach for the synthesis of guar gum integrated copper nanoparticles: Investigation of its catalytic activity in the C[sbnd]N Ullmann coupling reactions and study of its anti-human kidney cancer effects

Abstract

We carried out this research was in order to evaluate the potency of guar gum (GG) hydrogel to conduct CuO NPs synthesis by adopting an eco-friendly approach as well as to study its role as catalyst and in relieving cancerous cell lines. In this context, we accomplished the CuO NPs/GG synthesis by employing a simple one-step approach and identified its characters through UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDS), elemental mapping and ICP-OES analysis. XRD and TEM results of CuO NPs/GG showed the face centered cubic (fcc) structures and predominantly spherical shaped with a size of 20–30 nm. After the characterization, the prepared CuO NPs/GG nanocatalyst was used as catalyst in the N-arylation of amines (indole and imidazoles) through C(aryl)-N chemical bond arrangement from the related aryl halides (I, Br, Cl) by Ullmann-type coupling reactions. It is worth mentioning that the novel catalyst has the potential of being recycled seven times without much change in activity. Furthermore, the anti-kidney cancer properties of CuO NPs/GG nanocomposite were assessed by MTT assay about the cytotoxicity and anti-human on normal (HUVEC) and human kidney cell lines i.e. ACHN, CaKi-2 and HEC293. The corresponding IC50 values were 18.5, 17.2, and 15.6 µg/mL, respectively. The viability of malignant human kidney cell line reduced dose-dependently in the presence of the nano bio-composite. After clinical study, CuO NPs/GG nano bio-composite can be utilized as an efficient drug in the treatment of human kidney cancer in human.