An ECM-Bound, PDGF-like Growth Factor and a TGF-α-like Growth Factor Are Required for Gastrulation and Spiculogenesis in theLytechinusEmbryo

Abstract

Growth factors and the extracellular matrix have been shown to fulfill vital developmental roles in many embryonic systems. Our hypothesis is that a developmental role played by the extracellular matrix in sea urchins may be the binding of a PDGF-like growth factor to promote signaling activity. We report here that anti-human PDGF-B antibodies and anti-human TGF-α antibodies immunoprecipitated specific proteins isolated fromLytechinusembryos. Addition of these antibodies toLytechinusembryos inhibited gastrulation and spiculogenesis. The embryos are sensitive to the antibodies from the four-cell through the hatching blastula stages, which suggests that the TGF-α-like and PDGF-like ligands are required for the early differentiation of the gut and spicules. We present evidence that the PDGF-like growth factor depends on the extracellular matrix for signaling activity. Synthetic peptides representing the heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding sequence on human PDGF-B were added toLytechinusembryo cultures to compete for binding sites with the endogenous PDGF-like growth factor. The experimental peptide inhibited gastrulation and caused radially arranged multiple spicules to form. Development was unaffected by a control peptide. These studies support our hypothesis and suggest that TGF-α-like and PDGF-like growth factors induce signaling events required for sea urchin gastrulation and spiculogenesis and suggest that an extracellular matrix-associated PDGF-like growth factor is involved in differentiation along the oral–aboral axis.