Abstract
BackgroundNatural products constitute a promising class of therapeutics for the treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis as well as the maintenance of oral health. However, the limited understanding behind their potential mechanisms and modes of action have hampered their incorporation into popular western therapeutics. This in vitro study characterizes an Ayurvedic herbal extract mixture, which has been clinically shown to promote gingival health and homeostasis.MethodsTelomerase immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGK) were infected with either Fusobacterium nucleatum cell wall, live F. nucleatum, IL-1β or TNF-α for 4 hours with and without the herbal extract. The immunomodulatory effects of the extract on host IL-8 production was measured by ELISA.ResultsIt was found that the Ayurvedic herbal extract mixture inhibited gingival epithelial cell IL-8 expression in response to both bacterial and host cytokine agonists. The herbal extract inhibited IL-8 stimulated by F. nucleatum cell wall, live F. nucleatum, IL-1β, and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner that was not a result of host cell death. Furthermore, the extract showed significantly different ID50 doses demonstrating the differential ability to modulate both stimulated and basal IL-8 levels.ConclusionsIn vitro investigation of this herbal extract mixture revealed that it has the ability to modulate gingival epithelial cell IL-8 expression in response to stimulation by bacterial components and host pro-inflammatory signals. This data demonstrates that the reduction in the gingival epithelial cell IL-8 response may in part be responsible for the previously reported ability of the Ayurvedic herbal extract mixture to reduce gingivitis in two separate human clinical studies.
Highlights
Natural products constitute a promising class of therapeutics for the treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis as well as the maintenance of oral health
This study found that SUD inhibited expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-8, by gingival epithelial cells agonized with bacterial products (F. nucleatum cell wall extracts or live F. nucleatum) and host inflammatory mediators (IL-1β and TNF-α) in a dose-dependent manner
Bacterial culture and crude cell wall F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 was obtained from the Darveau laboratory bacterial collection and grown overnight in trypticase soy yeast broth (TYK) supplemented with 10 μg/mL hemin and 1 mg/mL menadione at 37 °C under anaerobic conditions (80% N2, 10% CO2, 10% H2)
Summary
Natural products constitute a promising class of therapeutics for the treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis as well as the maintenance of oral health. The limited understanding behind their potential mechanisms and modes of action have hampered their incorporation into popular western therapeutics. This in vitro study characterizes an Ayurvedic herbal extract mixture, which has been clinically shown to promote gingival health and homeostasis. Inadequate understanding of the complex inflammatory networks modulated in both oral health and disease has limited the number of non-invasive therapeutic or maintenance approaches available which reduce the occurrence or severity of either gingivitis or periodontitis [3, 4]. Numerous studies have identified plant extracts that possess potent antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory qualities, which inhibit key inflammatory mediators and have been in use for centuries to maintain oral hygiene [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]
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