Abstract
Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) have recently attracted much attention due to their ability to discover and monitor the aquatic environment. However, acoustic communication has posed some significant challenges, such as high propagation delay, low available bandwidth, and high bit error rate. Therefore, proposing a cross-layer protocol is of high importance to the field to integrate different communication functionalities (i.e, an interaction between data link layer and network layer) to interact in a more reliable and flexible manner to overcome the consequences of applying acoustic signals. In this paper, a novel Cross-Layer Mobile Data gathering (CLMD) scheme for Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is presented to improve the performance by providing the interaction between the MAC and routing layers. In CLMD, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is used to periodically visit a group of clusters which are responsible for data collection from members. The communications are managed by using a distributed cross-layer solution to enhance network performance in terms of packet delivery and energy saving. The cluster heads are replaced with other candidate members at the end of each operational phase to prolong the network lifetime. The effectiveness of CLMD is verified through an extensive simulation study which reveals the performance improvement in the energy-saving, network lifetime, and packet delivery ratio with varying number of nodes. The effects of MAC protocols are also studied by studying the network performance under various MAC protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, goodput, and energy consumption with varying density of nodes.
Highlights
A wide range of aquatic applications, such as pollution monitoring, military, intrusion detection, disaster prevention, and resource exploration, are supported by the Underwater SensorNetworks (UWSNs) [1]
We evaluate the most important metrics such as packet deliver ratio (PDR), network lifetime, goodput, energy consumption, and probability of collision
This paper has presented a study of a cross-layer protocol with the aim of developing efficient and scalable protocol to enhance the performance of underwater sensor networks (UWSNs)
Summary
A wide range of aquatic applications, such as pollution monitoring, military, intrusion detection, disaster prevention, and resource exploration, are supported by the Underwater SensorNetworks (UWSNs) [1]. UWSNs face different challenges such as transmission reliability, low bit rate, sensor movement, limited bandwidth, and high latency [2,3,4]. Some networks only use stationary sinks for data collection while some take advantage of the mobile sinks (e.g., autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)) [5]. In a UWSN with a stationary sink, sensors nodes close to the sink will die out sooner as they relay a high number of data packets [6]. This can affect network connectivity if the operation needs to continue for a longer time. Using a mobile sink can reduce energy consumption as well as limit the number of transmissions [7]
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