Abstract

Sample clean-up remains the most time-consuming and error-prone step in the whole analytical procedure for aflatoxins (AFTs) analysis. Herein, an automated and high-throughput sample clean-up platform was developed with a disposable, cost-effective immunoaffinity magnetic bead-based kit. Under optimized conditions, the automated method takes less than 30 min to simultaneously purify 20 samples without requiring any centrifugation or filtering steps. When coupled to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, this new analysis method displays excellent accuracy and precision as well as outstanding efficiency. Furthermore, an interlaboratory study was performed in six laboratories to validate the novel protocol. Mean recovery, repeatability, reproducibility, and Horwitz ratio values were within 91.9%–107.4%, 2.5%–7.4%, 2.7%–10.6%, and 0.26%–0.90, respectively. Results demonstrate that the developed sample clean-up platform is a reliable alternative to most widely adopted clean-up procedures for AFTs in cereals and oils.

Highlights

  • IntroductionAflatoxins (AFTs) are secondary metabolites produced predominately by fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius under favorable temperature, moisture, and relative humidity [1]

  • Aflatoxins (AFTs) are secondary metabolites produced predominately by fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius under favorable temperature, moisture, and relative humidity [1].AFTs are ubiquitous in nature and have many types, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2 ), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1 ), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2 ) [2]

  • AFT that thatcan canbe beretained, retained,which whichisisdirectly directly linked number of active monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) immobilized on of linked to to thethe number of active mAb immobilized on the the sorbent

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Summary

Introduction

Aflatoxins (AFTs) are secondary metabolites produced predominately by fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius under favorable temperature, moisture, and relative humidity [1]. AFTs are ubiquitous in nature and have many types, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2 ), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1 ), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2 ) [2]. AFTs are highly teratogenic and carcinogenic to humans and animals, AFB1 for example, is 10 times more toxic than potassium cyanide and is classified as class I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [3]. The global prevention and control of aflatoxins, is highly valued. Many countries have extremely low maximum limits (MLs) for AFTs in food. The MLs of AFB1 in China and European Union are 5–20 μg/kg and Toxins 2019, 11, 583; doi:10.3390/toxins11100583 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins

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