An augmented phase plane approach for discrete planar maps: Introducing next-iterate operators

Abstract

The next-iterate operators and corresponding next-iterate root-sets and root-curves associated with the nullclines of a planar discrete map are introduced. How to augment standard phase portraits that include the nullclines and the direction field, by including the signs of the root-operators associated with their nullclines, thus producing an augmented phase portrait, is described. The sign of a next-iterate operator associated with a nullcline determines whether a point is mapped above or below the corresponding nullcline and can, for example, identify positively invariant regions. Using a Lotka–Volterra type competition model, we demonstrate how to construct the augmented phase portrait. We show that the augmented phase portrait provides an elementary, alternative approach for determining the complete global dynamics of this model. We further explore the limitations and potential of the augmented phase portrait by considering several different planar models with applications to population modeling, epidemiology, neural network modelling, chemical reaction networks, and evolutionary dynamics.