Abstract
This study investigates the influence of LULC representation on surface meteorological conditions associated with monsoon depressions (MDs) in the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A total of 18 MDs were considered during 2007–2018, with a life period of at least two days. Two simulations are performed at a 5-km grid-spacing, ingesting the LULC from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) for each MD case. The urban area has been increased from 0.13% in USGS to 1.21% in NRSC over the north-central and east coastal states, reducing the soil moisture (SM) errors by 0.015 m3 m−3 (25%) in the NRSC run. The SM in the NRSC run has a correlation of 0.53, which is 15% higher than that in the USGS run. The NRSC has a larger forest area (22%) than the USGS (7%) over the north-western parts and some parts of Maharashtra, which helps increase latent heat flux (LHF) by 30 Wm−2. Verifying with ERA analysis, the USGS and the NRSC simulations underestimate the LHF in most parts of India and overestimate in orographic areas. The NRSC-simulation shows fewer improvements (<5%) in LHF across the central and southern areas, unlike in the East and West parts (>13%). The surface temperature, moisture, and rainfall have been noticeably improved in the NRSC run for day-2 and day-3 simulation, unlike in USGS, while they are comparable in day-1. The spatial error of rainfall increases with forecast length, with NRSC having 10–15% less error than the USGS run. Further, the NRSC run could identify the rainfall peaks of 3 mm h−1 with a mean error of 1.5 mm h−1 as compared to 2.2 mm h−1 error in the USGS. This study demonstrates the positive impact of NRSC-developed LULC in the MD simulations over India.
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