An Assessment on Earthquake Precursory Signals for Applications of Monitoring and Mitigation Strategies

Abstract

Forecasting earthquakes entails the existence of time-dependent processes that are dependent on changing conditions deep inside the Earth's crust prior to the occurrence of major seismic activity. Mechanical variables, such as precursory ground deformation and earlier seismic events, have long been the focus of seismology research. The purpose of this review is to acknowledge that there have been numerous reports of a variety of precursory phenomena, including the emission of electromagnetic waves ranging from ultralow frequency (ULF) to visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) light, the emission of radon gas, various electric and magnetic field anomalies, and unusual animal behaviour. Earthquake prediction research has been going on for almost a century with no obvious success.