An assessment of the regulatory framework of the Western Australian sandalwood industry

Sustainable forest management is described, in theory and in practice, especially in the regions where the forest resources have been damaged seriously for economic development. It emphasizes the need to exert the multifunctions of forest ecosystems. The paper analyses the main benefits and constraints of sustainable forest management with regard to the special natural and economic conditions of China. According to the basic principles of sustainable forest management, China has been taking the relevant actions. Six national programmes and participatory forest management for forest resources utilisation and conservation are operative as regional implementation strategies. Demonstrations, with 13 sample sites in different typical regions, and 8 Criteria and 80 Indicators based on the Montreal Process for monitoring and assessment of sustainable forest management at the national level, have been established and tested. Biological diversity conservation, plantation management for timber production, natural forest protection, non-wood products and technical training will become the priorities for sustainable forest management in China.

Purpose: This study attempts to analyze the reconstruction of law enforcement on illegal logging based on community participation and the values embodied in Pancasila as a national philosophy in Indonesia. Methodologies: This study was conducted using a normative empirical method, by employing data-driven approaches. Principal results: The results revealed that combating deforestation and illegal logging can be achieved by participatory measures with the implementation in the grassroots through community participation being taken as an important consideration to instill the principles of sustainable forest management. To obtain optimal and equitable benefits of forest resources, local community empowerment is carried out, through capacity building and providing access in order to improve their welfare. Major conclusions: The prevention and eradication of deforestation should pay attention to the principles of sustainable forest management by the government and regulatory agencies with involving grassroot level to obtain sustainable and optimal benefits of forest management. Contribution to the field: This study contributes to the intertwined relationship between law enforcement in developing forest management and social participation through a series of mechanisms and practices based on local wisdom. Important aspect of the study: The findings highlight social forestry as a sustainable forest management practice in balancing natural sustainability and social justice as law enforcement priorities. Research limitations/implications: The theoretical scope is specific to the idea of natural sustainability in the context of social justice. This has theoretical implications for further studies to provide empirical and practical justification for the implementation of social forestry in Indonesia. Practical implications: The findings practically underline the need for social forestry activities through efforts to provide legal access to local communities in the forms of forest management, business permits, plantation, partnerships, recognition and protection and customary law for community welfare and forest resource conservation. Social implications: The principles and practices of community involvement in social forestry are required to reduce poverty, unemployment and inequality in the management/utilization of forest areas.

Society has grappled with the concept of managing forests sustainably for several decades. As one of the most widespread of the earth's ecosystems, and as a renewable resource providing a wide range of consumptive and non-consumptive benefits to society, forests have been at the centre of many policy discussions. While much progress was made at the Earth Summit in 1992 and since that time, there are few concrete examples illustrating the principles of sustainable forest management (SFM). Public participation in forest management is based on the hypothesis that if those whose daily lives are affected by the operation of a forest management system are involved in the decisions controlling the system, efforts can be made to protect the health of ecosystems and meet economic needs at the same time. At the same time, since ecological, social and economic conditions vary from place to place, there must be a wide range of participatory approaches to sustainable forest management. Canada's Model Forest Program was developed to provide public participation in decisions about how managing the forests supported by the most up-to-date science and technology. Within each model forest there exists a partnership consisting of a broad range of interests working within a neutral forum that is respectful of individual interests and united in the difficult task of addressing sustainable forest management. The strength of the Program lies in the fact that each partner has a voice in the overall decision-making within the model forest. Access to shared information and the learning process fostered through participation at individual and organizational levels are important factors motivating participation and fostering capacity-building. Model forests are showing that the inclusive partnership approach, although time-consuming, leads to better and more sustainable decisions. Key words: sustainable forest management, model forest, integrated resource management, public participation, partnerships, Canada.

Society has grappled with the concept of managing forests sustainably for several decades. As one of the most widespread of the earth’s ecosystems, and as a renewable resource providing a wide range of consumptive and non-consumptive benefits to society, forests have been at the centre of many policy discussions. While much progress was made at the Earth Summit in 1992 and since that time, there are few concrete examples illustrating the principles of sustainable forest management (SFM). Public participation in forest management is based on the hypothesis that if those whose daily lives are affected by the operation of a forest management system are involved in the decisions controlling the system, efforts can be made to protect the health of ecosystems and meet economic needs at the same time. At the same time, since ecological, social and economic conditions vary from place to place, there must be a wide range of participatory approaches to sustainable forest management. Canada’s Model Forest Program was developed to provide public participation in decisions about how managing the forests supported by the most up-to-date science and technology. Within each model forest there exists a partnership consisting of a broad range of interests working within a neutral forum that is respectful of individual interests and united in the difficult task of addressing sustainable forest management. The strength of the Program lies in the fact that each partner has a voice in the overall decision-making within the model forest. Access to shared information and the learning process fostered through participation at individual and organizational levels are important factors motivating participation and fostering capacity-building. Model forests are showing that the inclusive partnership approach, although time-consuming, leads to better and more sustainable decisions. Key words: sustainable forest management, model forest, integrated resource management, public participation, partnerships, Canada

Sustainable Forest Management is a main part of the Global Sustainable Management. The main instruments for the implementation of the concept of Sustainable Forest Management are Forest Certification and Forest Quality Management. In the article authors investigated the essence, content and principles of Sustainable Forest Management as a key element of the formation and implementation of the Sustainable Development of the Society and its adaptation in the case study of post-communist countries like Russia. Also specific of Forest Certification and Forest Quality Management in Russia was investigated. The obtained result laid the foundation for the review and systematization of the interests of key players in the domestic forest industry, the prerequisites and limitations for the implementation of the Sustainable Forest Management Concept. For this purpose, the authors carried out situational analysis, interviewing, content analysis of media texts. In the article are analyzed 7 top-forestry Russian enterprises and also Russian timber industry complex generally. Based on the results of the study, the interests and priorities of the parties participating in the development of the national concept of sustainable forest management have been identified and systematized. This allowed us to identify incentives and prerequisites, problems and limitations, as well as prospects and directions for the development of forest certification in the territory of the Russian Federation. Based on the research results, it is concluded that Quality Management and Forest Certification are considered by all stakeholder groups as a key tool for ensuring Sustainable Forest Management by the case study of Russia.

Chief Forestry Inspector, Forest Service, Leeson Lane, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland. As Ireland's forest authority, the Forest Service has a clear strategy for conserving and enhancing biodiversity in forests. The role of the Forest Service is to ensure that forestry practice in Ireland conforms to the principles of sustainable forest management (SFM), whereby forestry develops in a way that maximises its contribution to national economic and social well-being on a sustainable basis and is compatible with the protection of the environment. The implementation of SFM in Ireland is set out in Growingfor thefuture: a strategic planfor the development of theforestry sector in Ireland (Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry 1996) and is guided by various instruments, including the Irish national forest standard (Forest Service 2000a), the Code of best forest practice-Ireland (Forest Service 2000b), a suite of five environmental guidelines (Forest Service 2000c), forest legislation and the work of the Forestry Inspectorate. The conservation and enhancement of biodiversity represents a core component of SFM, as reflected in its inclusion as one of the six pan-European criteria for SFM arising from the Ministerial Conferences on the Protection of Forests in Europe and adopted by Ireland in 1998. As such, biodiversity permeates every aspect of the Forest Service's implementation of SFM in Ireland. In addition, the Forest Service biodiversity strategy is included in the National Biodiversity Plan, prepared by the Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands as part of Ireland's commitment under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. Biodiversity forms a core consideration in any decision by the Forest Service to grant-aid forest development. Areas protected or listed for protection under EU Council Directives 79/409/EEC (Birds Directive: Council of the European Communities 1979) and 92/43/EEC (Habitats Directive: Council of the European Communities 1992) (i.e. special protection areas and special areas of conservation) are not considered for afforestation grants. Natural heritage areas (NHAs) may also be excluded if the proposed development is incompatible with their protection (Forest Service 2000d). The Forest Service consults with a wide range of authorities regarding the merits or otherwise of particular developments, and their views are taken into full consideration when deciding on grant approval. These authorities include Duchas The Heritage Service and regipnal fisheries boards, all of which are directly concerned with protecting and enhancing habitats arid natural ecosystems. All grant-aided forest development in Ireland must also conform to the Forest Service Forest biodiversity guidelines (see Forest Service 2000c), which set out measures to protect existing habitats and wildlife and to maximise the biodiversity value of forests. These measures include the protection of small-scale habitats, the encouragement of a more varied age class and canopy structure, the careful timing of operations to minimise wildlife disturbance and the retention of ancient trees and deadwood. In line with measures to increase species diversity in Irish forests set out in Growing for the future and to increase broadleaves to 30% of the national forest estate, all new planting must contain a minimum of 10% broadleaves, site permitting (Forest Service 2000e). Similarly, if they constitute all or part of a plantation, conifers must contain a minimum of 20% diverse conifers (i.e. species other than Sitka spruce and lodgepole pine). The Forestry Inspectorate is responsible for ensuring that all conditions relating to biodiversity are complied with in grant-aided forests, and it plays a pivotal role in the policing, monitoring and promotion of these important requirements. This work has been facilitated by the recent initiation by the Inspectorate of an environment audit strategy. The Forest Service is also concerned with Ireland's forest genetic biodiversity, and it implements relevant EU Council Directives on forest reproductive material (Forest Service 2000b). A clear example of this work is the removal of young plantations of inappropriately planted Fraxinus oxyphylla to prevent possible hybridisation with native F. excelsior. The protection of the forest estate against the introduction of dangerous forest pests and diseases is also the responsibility of the Forest Service and is implemented and enforced by the Forestry Inspectorate under the provisions of EU Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Plant Health Directive) (Forest Service 2000b).

In carrying out forestry business activities, they should be carried out effectively, efficiently and under control, taking into account the principles of sustainable forest management and increasing their usability, results and competitiveness. One of the key aspects in achieving this is through implementing sustainable and sustainable forest management practices, by paying attention to and maintaining the ecological function of forests, and managing forest resources wisely. The effectiveness of implementing and controlling forestry business activities is also closely related to the government's role as a stakeholder in formulating policies that support sustainable forestry management practices and ensuring compliance with existing regulations. This research was conducted using normative research methods. The research results show that to achieve efficient, effective and competitive forest management, namely; Stakeholders must consistently encourage companies operating in the forestry sector to obtain sustainable forest management certification, such as a Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certificate or the Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC), which can improve the company's image and open access to the market wider global.Companies must be able to obtain FSC and PEFC certificates as a reference that these companies have fulfilled all the elements of their commitment.

The management of forests has dramatically changed in the past few decades. Forest managers no longer can prepare and implement forest management plans in isolation of other resource values and local citizens. Today, the economic, ecological and social values are blended together into sustainable forest management. Finding a balance among these values in Newfoundland and Labrador is done through local district planning teams. The team participants need to understand the principles of sustainable forest management and the overall planning process. A primary focus of the Western Newfoundland Model Forest has been to support planning teams through the development of management tools to enhance management of the Province’s forest ecosystems. The Model forest program will continue to test, document and transfer new and innovative management options to forest managers. Key words: adaptive management, consensus, sustainable forest management, planning teams, public involvement, model forests

This paper gives an overview of the problems of forest management and proposed strategy to enhance sustainable forest management in Indonesia. The increase of the population number leads to need of land to support their activities, particularly for agriculture, pasture, settlement, etc. Since forest is the major land-use in Indonesia, deforestation is inevitable. Deforestation rate in Indonesia increased, from 0.3 percent in 1970s to 0.6 percent of total land in 1980's, causing socio-economic and ecological consequences. Based on the awareness of the multiple forest functions concerning the ecological, social and economical aspects, declined forest land area might lead to local and global catastrophes. Hence forest resources should be stabilized or even the area should be increased through declining deforestation, increasing reforestation areas on degraded land, etc. In addition the forest should be maintained based on the principles of sustainable forest management. Efforts in sustaining forest existence and forest management in Indonesia have been started since long time, but the success of these efforts is still to be increased by enhancing sustainable forest management.

The impact of the introduction of sustainable forest management objectives on the optimisation of PC-based forest-level harvest schedules

SHORT COMMUNICATION THE FOREST SERVICE BIODIVERSITY PLAN Diarmuid McAree Diarmuid McAree (e-mail: diarmuid. mcaree@dcmnr.gov.ie), ChiefForestry Inspector, ForestService, Leeson Lane,Dublin2, Republic of Ireland. As Ireland's forest authority, the Forest Service has a clear strategy for conserving and enhancing biodiversity in forests. The role of the Forest Service is to ensure that forestry practice in Ireland conforms to the principles of sustainable forest management (SFM), whereby forestry develops in a way that maximises its contribution to national economic and social well-being on a sustainable basis and is compatible with the protection of the environment. The implementation of SFM in Ireland is set out in Growingfor thefuture: a strategic planfor the development of theforestry sector in Ireland (Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry 1996) and is guided by various instruments, including the Irish national forest standard (Forest Service 2000a), the Code of best forest practice-Ireland (Forest Service 2000b), a suite of five environmental guidelines (Forest Service 2000c), forest legislation and the work of the Forestry Inspectorate. The conservation and enhancement of biodiversity represents a core component of SFM, as reflected in its inclusion as one of the six pan-European criteria for SFM arising from the Ministerial Conferences on the Protection of Forests in Europe and adopted by Ireland in 1998. As such, biodiversity permeates every aspect of the Forest Service's implementation of SFM in Ireland. In addition, the Forest Service biodiversity strategy is included in the National Biodiversity Plan, prepared by the Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands as part of Ireland's commitment under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. Biodiversity forms a core consideration in any decision by the Forest Service to grant-aid forest development. Areas protected or listed for protection under EU Council Directives 79/409/EEC (Birds Directive: Council of the European Communities 1979) and 92/43/EEC (Habitats Directive: Council of the European Communities 1992) (i.e. special protection areas and special areas of conservation) are not considered for afforestation grants. Natural heritage areas (NHAs) may also be excluded if the proposed development is incompatible with their protection (Forest Service 2000d). The Forest Service consults with a wide range of authorities regarding the merits or otherwise of particular developments, and their views are taken into full consideration when deciding on grant approval. These authorities include Duchas The Heritage Service and regipnal fisheries boards, all of which are directly concerned with protecting and enhancing habitats arid natural ecosystems. All grant-aided forest development in Ireland must also conform to the Forest Service Forest biodiversity guidelines (see Forest Service 2000c), which set out measures to protect existing habitats and wildlife and tomaximise the biodiversity value of forests. These measures include the protection of small-scale habitats, the encouragement of a more varied age class and canopy structure, the careful timing of operations to minimise wildlife disturbance and the retention of ancient trees and deadwood. In line with measures to increase species diversity in Irish forests set out in Growing for thefuture and to increase broadleaves to 30% of the national forest estate, all new planting must contain a minimum of 10% broadleaves, site permitting (Forest Service 2000e). Similarly, if they constitute all or part of a plantation, conifers must contain a minimum of 20% diverse conifers (i.e. species other than Sitka spruce and lodgepole pine). The Forestry Inspectorate is responsible for ensuring that all conditions relating to biodiversity are complied with in grant-aided forests, and it plays a pivotal role in the policing, monitoring and promotion of these important requirements. This work has been facilitated by the recent initiation by the Inspectorate of an environment audit strategy. The Forest Service is also concerned with Ireland's forest genetic biodiversity, and it implements relevant EU Council Directives on forest reproductive material (Forest Service 2000b). A clear example of this work is the removal of young plantations of inappropriately planted Fraxinus oxyphylla to prevent possible hybridisation with native F. excelsior.The protection of the forest estate against the introduction of dangerous forest pests and diseases is also the responsibility of the Forest Service and is implemented and enforced by the Forestry Inspectorate under the provisions of EU...

ABSTRACTThe main aim of the article is to assess the consequences of newly proposed legislative initiative on introducing intensive forest management practices in Russia. Implementation of norms and its effect on sustainable forest management practices have been analysed in this study on one enterprise operating in the Republic of Karelia. This meant modelling of forest growth, clear cuts and regeneration within 100 km radius from the mill for two alternative management scenarios with fixed demand of wood based on current norms and decreasing harvesting age to half from the current. Wood demand of the enterprise, structure and accessibility of forest resources, i.e. forest road infrastructure were taken into account in the analysis. Both forest management scenarios decreased the total growing stock significantly, and therefore considered as non-sustainable practices. In addition, forest age structure was more uneven for both scenarios at the end of the simulation period. Comparison of two alternative management practices showed that the implementation of intensive forest management in Russia requires new norms that would be based on principles of sustainable forest management.

Forests are an important component of the economic development of the state and people’s livelihoods. They provide not only the needs of the economy for timber, food, but also perform important environmental functions related to the purification of water and air, soil formation, etc. At the same time, in many regions of the world, forest conditions are deteriorating, which determines negative socio-economic and environmental results, which violates the principles of sustainable forest management. The term “sustainable forest management” came into use in 1993, but questions still arise about how to put this concept into practice? The authors of the article concluded that the safety of socio-economic and environmental processes should become a prerequisite for sustainable development. It is economic security with the identification of threats and their further neutralization that can lead the forest industries to the path of sustainable development. Within the framework of expert assessments of the authors and analysis of domestic and foreign literature, four components of the economic security of the forest complex of the Russian Federation were identified: entrepreneurial, food, environmental and foreign economic. Threats to the economic security of the forest complex were characterized. The results of the study show the relationship between the components of economic security and the criteria for sustainable development of management. Meeting the criteria will contribute to the safe development of the forest complex of the Russian Federation.

One hundred faces of sustainable forest management

Державна політика у сфері лісокористування, лісовідновлення та збереження лісів формується переважно залежно від динаміки розвитку суспільно-політичних і економічних відносин у країні, ступеня реформування безпосередньо лісових відносин та відповідності лісогосподарської діяльності науково обґрунтованим засадам сталого управління лісами. Розглянуто і визначено основні напрями вдосконалення лісових відносин та реформування системи управління лісовим господарством за її складовими частинами (управління, планування та фінансування) як природного і соціально-економічного об’єкта. Під час реформування лісової галузі України потрібно використовувати європейські моделі удосконалення лісоуправління з урахуванням вітчизняного досвіду і традицій ведення лісового господарства у країні та опиратися на систему науково обгрунтованих рекомендацій.
 На початковому етапі реформування потрібно науково обґрунтувати стратегію розвитку галузі, що дасть змогу вирішити питання розвитку лісових відносин у перспективі. Цей етап реформування на галузевому рівні треба розглядати як період, пов’язаний з удосконаленням системи державного управління та формуванням відповідної нормативно-правової бази для забезпечення відповідних перетворень у лісовому господарстві.