Abstract
The Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) of Pakistan was instituted in 1991 to allocate Indus River water among Pakistan’s provinces. This paper assesses the performance of the WAA in terms of the accord’s ability to meet the barrages’ and environmental demands in the Lower Indus Basin. Use of metrics as assessment tools in water security and climate adaptation is an important field, with the potential to inform sustainable management policy. Reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability are used as indicators to define the system’s performance against supply. The results indicate from the pre-Accord period to the post-Accord period, the reliability of Guddu Barrage (the upstream-most barrage in the study) is not changed. However, at Sukkur and Kotri, the most downstream barrage in the study, reliability has significantly decreased. The Results reveal the high vulnerability of the Indus delta in Rabi season when the flows decline and the majority of the water at the Kotri Barrage is diverted.
Highlights
Water insecurity is one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century [1] and poses a serious threat to ecosystems and human well-being [2]
Guddu and and Sukkur Barrages, the average resilience diminished by 39.3% and 0.42%, respectively, whereas
Kharif and Rabi at Guddu Barrage, out of 46 years, there were 21 years when water availability was less than the allotted share
Summary
Water insecurity is one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century [1] and poses a serious threat to ecosystems and human well-being [2]. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) revealed that by 2050, almost 4 billion people are projected to live in severely water-stressed basins [3]. A reliable water supply among all sectors is crucial for economic growth and water availability for agricultural production and energy generation [6,7]. Domestic water requirements have been small worldwide as compared to agricultural, but that is changing as the population grows, people move to cities, and living standards increase [8,9,10]. Climate change is projected to noticeably affects extreme events such as drought and floods. Global climate models project more frequent occurrences of droughts during the twenty-first century [13,14]. Overall, achieving water sustainability requires considering the complexity of the situation, carefully analyzing investments in water infrastructures and building institutional and societal capacity for adaptation [16], all under uncertain conditions
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