Abstract
The choice of the most suitable litter treatment should be based on scientific evidence. This systematic review assessed the effectiveness of litter treatments on ammonia concentration, pH, moisture and pathogenic microbiota of the litter and their effects on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion and mortality of broilers. The systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed (Medline), Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scielo databases to retrieve articles published from January 1998 to august 2019. Means, standard deviations and sample sizes were extracted from each study. The response variables were analyzed using the mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD), (litter treatment minus control group). All variables were analyzed using random effects meta-analyses. Subgroup meta-analysis revealed that acidifiers reduce pH (P<0.001), moisture (P = 0.002) ammonia (P = 0.011) and pathogenic microbiota (P <0.001) of the litter and improves the weight gain (P = 0.019) and decreases the mortality rate of broilers (P<0.001) when compared with controls. Gypsum had a positive effect on ammonia reduction (P = 0.012) and improved feed conversion (P = 0.023). Alkalizing agents raise the pH (P = 0.035), worsen feed conversion (P<0.001), increase the mortality rate (P <0.001), decrease the moisture content (P<0.001) and reduce the pathogenic microbiota of the litter (P<0.001) once compared to controls. Superphosphate and adsorbents reduce, respectively, pH (P<0.001) and moisture (P = 0.007) of the litter compared to control groups. None of the litter treatments influenced the feed intake of broilers. Meta-analyses of the selected studies showed positive and significant effects of the litter treatments on broiler performance and litter quality when compared with controls. Alkalizing was associated with worse feed conversion and high mortality of broilers.
Highlights
The litter must provide comfort and well-being so that broilers can express their full genetic potential as they remain housed on it for most of their life
Subgroup meta-analysis revealed that acidifiers reduce pH (P
Gypsum had a positive effect on ammonia reduction (P = 0.012) and improved feed conversion (P = 0.023)
Summary
The litter must provide comfort and well-being so that broilers can express their full genetic potential as they remain housed on it for most of their life. In this context, the litter must be treated properly to control proliferation of insects, growth of pathogenic microorganisms, moisture and the production and volatilization of ammonia [1]. Litter reuse during several consecutive flocks is a management practice that has been widely adopted in the production of broilers. Acidifiers, alkalizers, adsorbents, agricultural gypsum and superphosphate are the conditioners most used to treat poultry litter. The conditioner chosen must be able to reduce negative points and enhance the favorable characteristics of the poultry litter
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