Abstract
Time-dependent relaxation processes continue after forming of sheet metal components. Mechanical properties and even the shape of the part may evolve with time. Beverage can ends, made of an aluminum-magnesium alloy, provide one example of relaxation in a metal product. Ends are manufactured in a series of forming operations, and the can end buckle pressure plays an important role in the design. It has been established that buckle pressure decreases with time in service. In this work, we outline a simple bending test to study relaxation at stress levels well below the usual 0.2 percent offset yield stress. The evolution of stress and development of plastic strain with time are assessed through a simple analysis of springback. The microplastic processes that lead to permanent deformation of the bent beam are well characterized by a model developed by Garmestani and Hart.
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