Abstract
This study evaluates the rainwater harvesting system to determine the chemical quality of the water and allocate it for use. Samples were collected in the city of Rio de Janeiro at the points of Direct Precipitation (DP), First Flush (FF) and Reservoir (RR). The methodology involved carrying out an analysis of Ca, Cd, Cu, Na, Ni, Fe, K, Mg, Pb, Zn, conductivity, turbidity, pH and chloride. The R language was used for the principal component analysis, Pearson coefficient correlation, hierarchical cluster analysis, Tukey test and boxplot. The results show that when there is no interference from the catchment surface (DP), the rainwater has a low concentration of metals, although the first millimeters of rain have a concentration above what is permissible in the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health (Ordinance n° 05/2017). The disposal system (FF) reduced the concentration of pollutants in the RR, but not enough to comply with legislation. It was noted that Ca, K and Na are the main metals found in rainwater. During the dry period, there were significant correlations between the physico-chemical and meteorological parameters. The high concentration of metals in the wet period suggests that rain assists the cleaning of the atmosphere and that most metals are present in the form of aerosols or fine particles suspended in the air. The findings reveal significant indications of acid rain and pre-treatment is recommended to ensure rainwater can be used safely for more mundane purposes.
Highlights
IntroductionThe demand for water is increasing more rapidly than population growth throughout the world, and this is causing an imbalance between the consumption and availability of water resources
Water is essential for maintaining the life cycle on earth
After 1 year of monitoring, the results revealed that Ca, K and Na are the main metals found in rainwater
Summary
The demand for water is increasing more rapidly than population growth throughout the world, and this is causing an imbalance between the consumption and availability of water resources. Management failure and a lack of information on the current situation of natural resources, combined with unsustainable development, can have an adverse effect on the availability and quality of water. About 3.6 billion people live in areas where there is likely to be a scarcity of water for at least one month a year, and it is predicted that this number could increase to 4.8 - 5.7 billion by 2050. The population currently affected by land degradation/desertification and drought is estimated to be about 1.8 billion people, which makes this the most significant category of natural disaster (WWAP, 2018)
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