Abstract
Quinoa is known to be an excellent source of natural antioxidants and therefore the extract of quinoa seed was considered to have a significant anti-inflammatory activity. Two different varieties of quinoa seeds and six different solvents hexane, acetone, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and water were used as solvent for extraction in the present study. Extracts from water, methanol and ethanol showed significant antioxidant and phytochemical activities. Water extract showed highest Phenol content (89.73 ± 1.74), antioxidant activity (1586 ± 41.42) and DPPH scavenging capacities (82.71 ± 0.03) compared to other solvents used for extraction. IC50 value for percentage DPPH scavenging capacities by water extract was 14.71 ± 0.02, compared to ascorbic acid (7.15 ± 0.13), which is a control. All extracts exhibit significantly high levels of flavonoid content. Ethyl acetate extract represented highest (88.41 ± 0.37) NO scavenging capacity. Lowest IC50 value (52.58 ± 0.14) for NO scavenging capacity was identified for ethanol extract compared to control (24.19 ± 3.53). Ascorbic acid used as control in both DPPH and Nitric oxide scavenging capacities measurement. Quinoa seed extracts from all six solvents found to have antimicrobial activities towards gram positive bacteria but not towards all gram negative bacteria. All extracts showed significant anti proliferative activities towards P 116 cells.
Highlights
There is a balance between the quantities of free radicals generated in the body and the antioxidant mechanisms scavenge/ quench these free radicals preventing them from causing deleterious effects in the body
The total phenol content in different extracts varied with different solvents and the range was found from 23.74 ± 1.63 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dw for QHX-II to 89.73 ±1.74 mg GAE/g dw for QWA-II, which is the highest total phenolic content
The results were indicated that the methanol (QMT I and II) and water extracts (QWA I and II) possess a higher level of total phenol content compared to all other extracts
Summary
There is a balance between the quantities of free radicals generated in the body and the antioxidant mechanisms scavenge/ quench these free radicals preventing them from causing deleterious effects in the body. Many detrimental diseases such as periodontal disease, metabolic bone diseases, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by an enhanced state of oxidative stress and are associated with the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or a decrease in antioxidant defenses, leading to impose oxidative stress in the body [1]. Reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species are products of normal cellular metabolism, which, at high concentrations, thought to be important mediators of damage to cellular structures, such as nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Oxidation in the living system is essential for generation of energy due to catabolism but prolonged oxidative stress result in the continuous production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to permanent damage of the body organs leading to chronic disorders such as heart diseases, diabetes, cirrhosis, malaria, neurodegenerative diseases, AIDS, cancer, and premature aging [2,3]. Oxidative damage to DNA is considered a critical step in cancer development [5]
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