An array of binding sites for hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 of high and low affinities modulates the liver-specific enhancer for the human α1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor

Abstract

Alpha1-Microglobulin and bikunin are two plasma glycoproteins encoded by a gene for alpha1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP). The strict liver-specific transcription of the AMBP gene is controlled by an elaborate and remote enhancer made of six clustered boxes numbered 1 to 6 (core enhancer) that are binding sites for the hepatocyte-enriched nuclear factors HNF-1, HNF-4, HNF-3, HNF-1, HNF-3 and HNF-4 respectively. Three further boxes, 7 to 9, have now been found in the enhancer area in a position 5' of box 2, 5' of box 1 and 3' of box 6, respectively. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays with nuclear extracts from the HepG2 hepatoma cell line demonstrated that boxes 7 and 8 are both functional HNF-4-binding sites of high and low affinity respectively, whereas no binding capacity of box 9 was detected by this method. Transfection of HepG2 and Chinese hamster ovary cells with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs harbouring the core or extended AMBP enhancer with wild-type or mutated boxes and co-transfection with expression plasmids for a wild-type or defective HNF-4 identified box 7 as an essential element for the basal activity of this enhancer. The response of boxes 7 and 8 varies with the level of HNF-4 in cells. Box 9 exhibits a repressor activity that can be detected when box 8 is ablated. In vivo this corresponds to conditions of low box 8 occupancy when the intracellular level of HNF-4 is limited. These results reinforce the view that the AMBP enhancer is a quite elaborate and unusual example of a modular enhancer whose activity is fine-tuned by the level of cognate nuclear factors in the cell.