Abstract
Animal welfare remains a very important issue in the livestock sector, but monitoring animal welfare in an objective and continuous way remains a serious challenge. Monitoring animal welfare, based upon physiological measurements instead of the audio–visual scoring of behaviour, would be a step forward. One of the obvious physiological signals related to welfare and stress is heart rate. The objective of this research was to measure heart rate (beat per minutes) in pigs with technology that soon will be affordable. Affordable heart rate monitoring is done today at large scale on humans using the Photo Plethysmography (PPG) technology. We used PPG sensors on a pig′s body to test whether it allows the retrieval of a reliable heart rate signal. A continuous wavelet transform (CWT)-based algorithm is developed to decouple the cardiac pulse waves from the pig. Three different wavelets, namely second, fourth and sixth order Derivative of Gaussian (DOG), are tested. We show the results of the developed PPG-based algorithm, against electrocardiograms (ECG) as a reference measure for heart rate, and this for an anaesthetised versus a non-anaesthetised animal. We tested three different anatomical body positions (ear, leg and tail) and give results for each body position of the sensor. In summary, it can be concluded that the agreement between the PPG-based heart rate technique and the reference sensor is between 91% and 95%. In this paper, we showed the potential of using the PPG-based technology to assess the pig′s heart rate.
Highlights
Animal welfare remains a very important issue in the livestock sector, but monitoring animal welfare in an objective and continuous way remains a serious challenge
Based on the initial signal processing of the acquired Photo Plethysmography (PPG) signals from the pig, the m-th order Derivative of Gaussian (DOG) wavelets were chosen for the presented work because, in general, the obtained scalograms using these wavelets showed clear frequency contents within the expected pulse rate ranges of the different strains of pigs [7]
The PPG probe is placed on three different anatomical body positions, namely ear, leg and tail
Summary
Animal welfare remains a very important issue in the livestock sector, but monitoring animal welfare in an objective and continuous way remains a serious challenge. The real-time monitoring of the pig0 s heart rate can provide vital information on how to maintain optimal conditions for production and animal welfare. Based on these anatomical and physiological similarities of the porcine skin to human skin, Nie et al concluded in their study [7] that the PPG theory has potential applicability in heart rate assessment for pigs To develop such PPG-based system for pigs, several factors that affect the reliability of the PPG signal should be considered, such as motion artefacts removal and measurement site on the body. Due to some practical difficulties we could about one hour min) of applying the awakening procedure the testdifficulties pig, the PPG probeAfter was placed on the left(65 back leg (below the knee; Figure 2). Of the non-anaesthetised pig andPPG the animal is allowed move in a pen (left photo) and the animal is allowed to move freely in a pen (right photo)
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