Abstract
Reduced integrity of neural pathways from frontal to sensory cortices has been suggested as a potential neurobiological basis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurofeedback has been widely applied to enhance reduced neural pathways in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder by repeated training on a daily temporal scale. Clinical and model-based studies have demonstrated that fluctuations in neural activity underpin sustained attention deficits in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. These aberrant neural fluctuations may be caused by the chaos–chaos intermittency state in frontal-sensory neural systems. Therefore, shifting the neural state from an aberrant chaos–chaos intermittency state to a normal stable state with an optimal external sensory stimulus, termed chaotic resonance, may be applied in neurofeedback for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In this study, we applied a neurofeedback method based on chaotic resonance induced by “reduced region of orbit” feedback signals in the Baghdadi model for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. We evaluated the stabilizing effect of reduced region of orbit feedback and its robustness against noise from errors in estimation of neural activity. The effect of chaotic resonance successfully shifted the abnormal chaos-chaos intermittency of neural activity to the intended stable activity. Additionally, evaluation of the influence of noise due to measurement errors revealed that the efficiency of chaotic resonance induced by reduced region of orbit feedback signals was maintained over a range of certain noise strengths. In conclusion, applying chaotic resonance induced by reduced region of orbit feedback signals to neurofeedback methods may provide a promising treatment option for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Highlights
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder underscored by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity
ADHD is characterized by an imbalance of the reduction in inhibitory neural activity caused by dysfunction in the dopaminergic neural system (Barkley, 1997; Nigg, 2001; Spronk et al, 2008; Volkow et al, 2009; Loskutova et al, 2010) and reduced feedback strength from the sensory cortex to frontal cortex (Moriyama et al, 2012)
We developed an efficacious neurofeedback method based on chaotic resonance produced by reduced region of orbit” (RRO) feedback signals in the Baghdadi model for abnormal neural activity in ADHD with E/I imbalance and impairment of neural pathway from the sensory cortex to the frontal cortex
Summary
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder underscored by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. To ameliorate attention deficits in ADHD, medications that block dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake such as methylphenidate and atomoxetine are widely used (Gibbins and Weiss, 2007; Wolraich et al, 2019) and have been demonstrated to significantly improve symptoms (Stevens et al, 2013). Their long-term effects have not been confirmed (Molina et al, 2009; Cunill et al, 2016)
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