Abstract
Characteristic patterns of tsunami wave pressure on buildings is divided into three types, depending on its vertical profiles and time, which is observed after the tsunami impacted the buildings. The first one is the impulsive pressure, which is observed just after the tsunami impacted the buildings. The second one is the bore pressure, which is observed after the impulsive pressures. The third one is the quasi-steady pressure, which is observed after the bores go away from the buildings. In this study, based on characteristics of bore pressure observed in a hydraulic experiment, a semi-empirical physical model of bore pressure is developed by applying a turbulent bore theory. Also, we present an application method of the semi-empirical physical model to evaluations of bore pressure with usage of numerical results of inundation simulations of two-dimensional nonlinear shallow water equation models. Furthermore, we apply the semi-empirical physical model to evaluations of pressure acting on buildings in an inundation area by carrying out numerical simulations of tsunami inundation.
Highlights
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami struck a wide area of the northeastern coast of Japan and caused extensive infrastructure damage
Palermo et al (2013) reported that the horizontal forces on the structures measured when the bore ran up the wall were greater than the impulsive force in their experiment. These results indicate that the wave forces due to the bore pressures sometimes become higher than those due to the impulsive pressures
A local rise is observed in the water surface, which reaches the top height of the vertical wall in Figures 3C,D, positive pressure acts at z < 1 m, which is lower than the height of the local rise (z = 1.5 m) of the water surface (Figures 4C,D)
Summary
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami struck a wide area of the northeastern coast of Japan and caused extensive infrastructure damage. Tsunami wave pressure has been investigated by many researchers, and its characteristics are becoming clear (e.g., Arikawa et al, 2005; Nouri et al, 2010). Fukui et al (1963) and Arikawa et al (2005, 2006) reported that two characteristic patterns were observed in pressures on structures. The first pressure pattern observed by both experiments was called the impulsive-bore pressure and was observed just after the bore impacted the structures. The vertical profile of the impulsive-bore pressure is a non-hydrostatic form. The second one was called the continuous pressure, or quasi-steady-state pressure, and was observed after the reflection of bores. The vertical profile of the continuous pressure or quasi-steady-state pressure is a hydrostatic form
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