Abstract
In recent decades, 3D acquisition by laser scanning or digital photogrammetry has become one of the standard methods of documenting cultural heritage, because it permits one to analyze the shape, geometry, and location of any artefact without necessarily coming into contact with it. The recording of three-dimensional metrical data of an asset allows one to preserve and monitor, but also to understand and explain the history and cultural heritage shared. In essence, it constitutes a digital archive of the state of an artefact, which can be used for various purposes, be remodeled, or kept safely stored. With the introduction of 3D printing, digital data can once again take on material form and become physical objects from the corresponding mathematical models in a relatively short time and often at low cost. This possibility has led to a different consideration of the concept of virtual data, no longer necessarily linked to simple visual fruition. The importance of creating high-resolution physical copies has been reassessed in light of different types of events that increasingly threaten the protection of cultural heritage. The aim of this research is to analyze the critical issues in the production process of the replicas, focusing on potential problems in data acquisition and processing and on the accuracy of the resulting 3D printing. The metric precision of the printed model with 3D technology are fundamental for everything concerning geomatics and must be related to the same characteristics of the digital model obtained through the survey analysis.
Highlights
The use of sensors as well as 3D acquisition and modeling techniques became routine in the industrial production process during the 1990s, and the related technologies have since experienced strong growth
The accuracy of the printed model is fundamental to everything concerning geomatics, and has to be related to the same characteristics of the digital model obtained through the surveying process: the precision of the printed product must be evaluated in relation to the precision of the instruments used in the analysis
Replicas have the advantage of being touched without damaging the state of preservation of the original object, providing a new way of interacting with works of art and learning. Because of this dual nature of the replica, which is used for popular and scientific purposes, a number of factors must be taken into account: on the one hand, the realism and verisimilitude of the replica, whose texture, weight, and appearance must be consistent with the original; on the other hand, the adherence of the shape, which is expressed, in Geomatics, in terms of the accuracy and precision of the printed model
Summary
The use of sensors as well as 3D acquisition and modeling techniques became routine in the industrial production process during the 1990s, and the related technologies have since experienced strong growth. This occurred because of the use of the techniques in “rapid prototyping” (RP) for the generation of a physical part from a digital model created using CAD systems, a practice that offers remarkably reduced times and lower costs in the production process. The purpose of the case studies is to analyze the criticalities in the path from the surveying to the physical representation of the object, concentrating on potential problems in data acquisition and processing and in the metric precision of the resulting 3D printing. The current paper does not report on other types of printing, which on the basis of years of experience and previous analysis are considered less satisfactory [1]
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