Abstract
Abstract An apparatus designed to measure the tensile storage modulus E′ and tensile loss modulus E″ for rubbers and plastics over a broad temperature range (ca. − 100 to + 150° C) and over two decades of frequency is described. One end of a narrow rectangular strip of the specimen is sinusoidally displaced at small amplitude in the direction of its thickness. The theoretical considerations are given for deriving the dynamic parameters E′ and E″ from the force F measured at the other end of the sample and the phase angle ϕ by which the force leads the driving amplitude Ad. The instrument is distinctive in that the phase angle is measured rapidly and accurately with a rotary variable differential transformer. The use of the instrument is illustrated with results obtained on three polymer vulcanizates : trans 1,4-polypentadiene, an acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, and a blend of acrylonitrile—butadiene copolymer with poly (vinyl chloride). The equation of Williams, Landel, and Ferry satisfactorily described the temperature dependence of the shift factors obtained from the plots of E′ and E″ as a function of log frequency.
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