Abstract
Periodontal diseases are mainly the results of infections and inflammation of the gum and bone that surround and support the teeth. In this study, the alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis is hypothesized to be treated with novel Mg-Cu alloy grafts due to their antimicrobial and osteopromotive properties. In order to study this new strategy using Mg-Cu alloy grafts as a periodontal bone substitute, the in vitro degradation and antibacterial performance were examined. The pH variation and Mg2+ and Cu2+ release of Mg-Cu alloy extracts were measured. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), two common bacteria associated with periodontal disease, were cultured in Mg-Cu alloy extracts, and bacterial survival rate was evaluated. The changes of bacterial biofilm and its structure were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), respectively. The results showed that the Mg-Cu alloy could significantly decrease the survival rates of both P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Furthermore, the bacterial biofilms were completely destroyed in Mg-Cu alloy extracts, and the bacterial cell membranes were damaged, finally leading to bacterial apoptosis. These results indicate that the Mg-Cu alloy can effectively eliminate periodontal pathogens, and the use of Mg-Cu in periodontal bone grafts has a great potential to prevent infections after periodontal surgery.
Highlights
Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most common diseases in humans
Both P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans are capable of invading the gingival epithelial cell and produce virulence factors to disrupt host-microbial homeostasis, resulting in inflammation and bone loss
This study was designed to explore a potential treatment strategy for periodontal disease with novel Mg-Cu grafts which possessed the antibacterial ability against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans
Summary
Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most common diseases in humans. Approximately 750,847 million people are suffering from PD worldwide according to the global burden of disease study in 2016 [1, 2]. Many studies have proven that addition of Cu in implant material could both kill bacteria and stimulate biological responses to mesenchymal stem cells like proliferation and osteogenic differentiation [23] These properties make the Mg-Cu alloy an attractive implant material for preventing infections. A. actinomycetemcomitans is regarded as the main periodontopathogen in aggressive periodontitis and peri-implantitis [29,30,31] Both P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans are capable of invading the gingival epithelial cell and produce virulence factors to disrupt host-microbial homeostasis, resulting in inflammation and bone loss. Periodontists rely heavily on the myriad antibiotic administration to prevent postoperative infections, leading to a worldwide antibiotic abuse problem [32] For this reason, an antibacterial bone graft which is unlikely to cause the development of drug resistance is undeniably beneficial [33, 34]. The objective of this study was to explore the antibacterial abilities of MgCu against periodontal anaerobic bacteria in order to provide more evidence for clinical application of this novel material
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