Abstract
Premise of research. Gynodioecy, a dimorphic sexual system where individual plants are either female or hermaphroditic, has been documented in ≪1% of plant species. This rarity suggests that gynodioecy can evolve and persist only under a restrictive set of conditions. One approach to determining these conditions is to identify the phenotypic traits and ecological factors that are associated with gynodioecy, as such traits or factors may facilitate the evolution and persistence of the sexual system.Methodology. We assembled an angiosperm-wide database of gynodioecious species and used this database to test whether gynodioecy was associated with two phenotypic traits/ecological factors: an herbaceous growth form and a temperate geographic distribution. Species-level analyses were used to confirm that gynodioecious species are predominately herbaceous and temperate. Family-level analyses were then used to test whether the presence of herbaceous and temperate species in a lineage was associated with the prese...
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