Abstract
In addition to the well-known threats of bird and hail strikes, small unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAV) pose a new threat to manned aviation. Determining the severity of collisions between sUAVs and aircraft structures is essential for the safe use and integration of drones in airspace. A generic analytical calculation model needs to be developed to supplement the existing test and simulation data. This paper presents an analytic model for drone collisions with perpendicular and inclined targets. The targets have a rigid or elastic material behavior. The aircraft impact model, which is used for the design of nuclear reactor structures, is transferred and adjusted for sUAV impacts to calculate the impact force. A mass- and a burst load distribution are needed as input parameters. Both distributions are determined for an sUAV design depending on the flight direction. Compared to previous calculations, the new approach is to consider a moving target structure, which produces more realistic results. We compare the calculation results with simulation data from sUAV collisions with a commercial airliner windshield from the literature. The calculations show plausible results and a good agreement with literature data. Subsequently, the influence of the input parameters on the impact force is investigated. We see that spring stiffness, target mass, burst load distribution and damping have minor influence on the overall impact force. The impact velocity, mass distribution and flight orientation on the other hand have a major influence on the impact force. Further tests are needed to validate the impact model.
Highlights
The use of small unmanned aerial vehicles increases
This paper presents a generic analytic approach for determining the impact force of an small unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAV) collision with an aircraft
This analytic model is developed for varying flight orientations of an sUAV
Summary
The use of small unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAV) increases. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with a maximum take-off weight (MTOW) of less than 25 kg is a small UAV (sUAV) [1]. Future applications like parcel delivery services are under investigation This growth increases the risk of a collision between manned aircraft and sUAV. This development can be seen in Germany, for example. The “Alliance for System Safety of UAS through Research Excellence” (ASSURE) published an “UAS Airborne Collision Severity Evaluation” [8] with corresponding technical volumes [1, 9, 10] They performed numerical simulations of drone strikes on different aircraft types (business jet, commercial airliner) and aircraft components (windshield, horizontal stabilizer). Lu et al [17] investigated the collision safety between an aircraft windshield and five different drones They performed simulations and compared the results with full scale collision tests.
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