Abstract
Brachytherapy treatment planning systems (BTPS) are employing the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group 43 (TG‐43)‐recommended dosimetric parameters of sources, which are measured in water. The majority of brachytherapy implant volumes are not homogeneous media. Particularly, an implant with multiple seeds significantly changes homogeneity of the implant volume. Heterogeneities, such as attenuation by adjacent seeds or interseed attenuation (ISA), are neglected to this day in all BTPS. The goal of this project is to determine a novel analytical method to evaluate the impact of the dose perturbations (P‐value) and/or interseed attenuation effect (ISA‐value). This method will be validated for low‐ and high‐energy brachytherapy seeds such as 125I and 192Ir using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation techniques. In this analytical model, determination of dose perturbation and interseed attenuation in a multisource brachytherapy implant is based on MC‐simulated 3D kernels of P‐values and ISA data for single active and single dummy configurations, arranged at different distances and orientations relative to each other. The accuracy of the final model in multisource implant configurations has been examined by a comparison of the calculated P‐values and ISA‐values with full Monte Carlo water simulations (FMCWS). This model enabled us to determine the total perturbation and ISA values for any multisource implant, and the results are in excellent agreement with the FMCWS data. The advantage of this model to FMCWS for daily clinical application is the speed of the calculations and ease of the implementation. The new perturbation and ISA formulism have shown a better accuracy for 192Ir than 125I due to Compton scattering and its independence of the atomic number of the chemical composition of the phantom materials. The maximum difference between the ISA model and FMCWS for all cases was less than 5%. This new model can provide inputs for brachytherapy planning software to consider the ISA effect in dose calculations based on TG‐43U1 algorithm. This approach is applicable for energy range of 125I to 192Ir sources.PACS number: 87.53.Jw
Highlights
151 Safigholi et al.: Brachytherapy interseed attenuation (ISA) effect model treatment planning systems (BTPS)
The relative Monte Carlo (MC) statistical uncertainties on mcg(r) for 125I and 192Ir were less than 2.5% for all distances
For first time, a new model for ISA correction based on TG-43U1 and MC is used in dose calculation to improve the dose calculation accuracy
Summary
151 Safigholi et al.: Brachytherapy ISA effect model treatment planning systems (BTPS). In 2004 these algorithms were updated to TG-43U1(2) and with a supplement to TG-43U1S1(3-4) in 2010 These protocols are based on the superposition of a single source dose distribution obtained in the center of a homogenous water phantom with enough volume for radiation scattering. Brachytherapy seeds are normally composed of radioactive beads or rods encapsulated with metal with additional high-z pellets as radio-opaque markers for their identifications during postimplant CT localization. These high-z materials in multisource brachytherapy implants will attenuate radiation passing through them and will impair predicted dose distributions calculated through a BTPS that utilizes the dosimetric parameters measured in homogeneous water phantom.
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