Abstract
Claims have been made that the application of participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) can empower disadvantaged groups. This article notes that the ongoing debate in this “GIS-empowerment-marginalization nexus” remains vague about a characterization of empowerment and that it fails to address how empowerment can be observed and recorded in a logical and structured manner. The article offers, and justifies, two working definitions of empowerment, differentiating between empowerment and empowerment capacity. It proposes a framework to structure an analysis of empowerment. The framework combines four catalysts of empowerment (information, process, skills, and tools) with two social scales (individuals and community).
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