Abstract
The following article addresses the issue of wind conditions around urban building development at pedestrian level. Factors that depend on those issues include wind comfort and air quality within urbanized spaces. The conditions specific of cities located in a temperate climate zone have been taken into account. The article is intended to identify aerodynamic phenomena characteristic of the three basic types of multi-family building development (section, linear, quarter). For each type of buildings, three different variants were considered on the basis of land use efficiency (low, medium, high) each type of buildings is characterised with. The models illustrate the patterns observed within European urban planning thought and have been developed in accordance with contemporary architectural and urban conditions, as well as with legal requirements and good practices in force in Poland. Experimental research in the wind tunnel has been conducted by means of two complementary field methods (visualization and erosion). The application of these two methods made it possible to obtain data on airflow direction layouts and on changes in airflow velocity. Subsequently, the results obtained in the study have been compared. Thus, more and less favourable geometrical layouts in respect to aerodynamic phenomena have been indicated.
Highlights
Development of modern big cities gives rise to a number of issues, one of which seems especially serious, namely the need to improve the quality of big city mesoclimate conditions
Owing to a large number of partial results obtained in the study, an exemplary interpretation of the results for one type of building development, namely the quarter building development with a high land use efficiency in case of paralleled wind direction has been presented in the article
The results for other types of buildings, that is, section and linear have been described in a synthetized manner, comparing all three variants of land use efficiency for the three wind directions analysed in the study
Summary
Development of modern big cities gives rise to a number of issues, one of which seems especially serious, namely the need to improve the quality of big city mesoclimate conditions. A necessity arises to limit the occurrence of phenomena that either excessively intensify airflow velocity (for the sake of pedestrian comfort and for protection of buildings against excessive cooling) or that limit air circulation. The latter goal is crucial in order to avoid the problem of urban heat island, as well as to minimise the problem of smog, both of which are troublesome for big cities. Wolliscroft conducted one of the first studies of natural ventilation via courtyards based on computational fluid dynamics [34] These studies offered a better understanding of the relationship between airflow in urban spaces and the geometric form of complexes of buildings. This knowledge has been further developed by many other authors and used as the basis for principles and recommendations for pro-ecological design consistent with the idea of sustainable development [11]
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