Abstract
Tropical deforestation is one of the most pressing threats to biodiversity, and substantially reduces ecosystem services at the global scale. Little is known however about the global spatial distribution of the actors behind tropical deforestation. Newly available maps of global cropland field size offer an opportunity to gain understanding towards the spatial distribution of tropical deforestation actors. Here we use a map of global cropland field size and combine it with maps of forest loss to study the spatial association between field size and deforestation while accounting for other anthropogenic and geographical drivers of deforestation. We then use linear mixed–effects models and bootstrapping to determine what factors affect field sizes within deforested areas across all countries in the global tropics and subtropics. We find that field size within deforested areas is largely determined by country-level effects indicating the importance of socio-economic, cultural and institutional factors on the distribution of field sizes. Typically, small field sizes appear more commonly in deforested areas in Africa and Asia while the association was with larger field sizes in Australia and the Americas. In general, we find that smaller field sizes are associated with deforestation in protected areas and large field sizes with areas with lower agricultural value, although these results have low explanatory power. Our results suggest that the spatial patterns of actors behind deforestation are aggregated geographically which could help target conservation and sustainable land-use strategies.
Highlights
Tropical forests are the most biodiverse terrestrial biome on Earth, and are instrumental in 15 out of the 25 global biodiversity hotspots [1]
Within countries, small field sizes tend to be associated with protected areas and larger field sizes tend to replace forests in areas that have lower agricultural value, these latter results have considerably less explanatory power
The finding that small field sizes are linked to deforestation in protected areas suggests that the actors behind deforestation in these areas are more likely smallholders than large agri-businesses or large family operations
Summary
Tropical forests are the most biodiverse terrestrial biome on Earth, and are instrumental in 15 out of the 25 global biodiversity hotspots [1]. Besides their vital role as habitat for many species, tropical forests provide ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, disease regulation, increased rainfall and provide subsistence food and resources for tropical communities [2,3,4]. Tropical deforestation is happening at rapid rates with 730 thousand square kilometers of tropical forests lost globally from 2000 to 2012 [5].
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