An analysis of the economic viability and greenhouse gas emissions reductions resulting from the use of solar water heaters in a typical Brazilian dwelling

Population growth affects the generation of plastic waste and could potentially increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the burning process. This has become a severe problem as it contributes to global warming. Therefore, plastic waste management is required, for instance, by using pyrolysis technology on a community scale. Such a project will reduce plastic waste and GHG emissions by processing plastic into valuable products. This study aims (1) to estimate potential GHG emissions before the project implementation, (2) to estimate potential GHG emissions reduction after the project implementation, and (3) to assess both potential revenue and profit of pyrolysis products. This study employs SNI 19-3694-1994 method to estimate household waste generated, the clean development mechanism (CDM) method to estimate GHGs emissions reduction, and the profit comparison method (PCM) to asses both revenue and profit of pyrolysis products. The results show that GHG emissions before the project will be 3.69 t CO2e in 2021 and could increase to 4.61 t CO2e in 2030. Potential GHG emissions reduction depends on the fuel types to heat the reactor. Only electric pyrolysis will reduce GHG emissions by up to 0.46 t CO2e (13%) annually. This project is not financially feasible because operational costs (15,772,779 IDR) exceed the annual revenue (1,014,000 IDR).

As part of the Net Zero Carbon Water Cycle Program (NZCWCP) for Victoria state in Australia, we have sought to understand the potential to reduce household energy consumption and related Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by influencing water use. Digital metering data disaggregated into 57 million discrete water usage events across 105 households at a resolution of 10 millilitres at 10 second intervals from June 2017 to March 2020, from a previous Yarra Valley Water (Melbourne, Australia) study, was analysed, together with the dynamic relationship between the multiple energy sources (natural gas, grid electricity, solar) used to heat water for showers in each hour of the day. Water-related energy (WRE) use, including water desalination and treatment, pumping, heating, wastewater collection and treatment, comprised 12.6% of Australia’s primary energy use in 2019. Water heating (by natural gas and electricity) comprised the largest component of WRE use for across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. Furthermore, 69% of Victoria’s total water usage was by residential customers in 2020-2021. WRE GHG emissions were around 3.8% of Victoria’s total GHG emissions in 2018. Showers (~50% of residential WRE), system losses (~27% of residential WRE), and clothes washers (~9% of residential WRE) are the three largest components of WRE consumption. The main objective of this work is the creation of industry-accessible tools to improve knowledge and management options from the understanding of reductions in cost and GHG emissions from household showering WRE use. Potential options considered, to reduce water and energy use, as well as associated GHG emissions and customer utility bills, include (a) behaviour management such as water and energy pricing to change time of use behaviours, and (b) the adoption of efficient shower head improvements. Shower WRE and GHG emissions were found able to be strongly impacted by small changes in daily routines. GHG emissions reduction from showering could be reduced up to 20 (in summer) - 22% (in winter) by shifting demand time of showering or replacing residential showerheads. Extrapolated to state and Australian scales, reductions in water usage could be up to 14 GL (Victoria) and 144 GL (Australia), and reductions in GHG emissions 1,600 ktCO2eq (Victoria) and 17,300 ktCO2eq (Australia). It provides fundamental new information which could inform a suite of new management options to impact water-related energy from showers, and related GHG emissions and customer water and energy cost.

Techno-enviro assessment and ranking of Turkey for use of home-scale solar water heaters

This study investigated the crisis of energy from which Gaza has been suffering over the past years. It ventured to highlight the growing needs for energy and the urging need to use renewable and sustainable sources of energy such as solar thermal energy. Much specifically, it gave much importance to the solar water heater (SWH) as well as the solar air heater (SAH). These two important tools rely on clean and renewable source of energy, and their use in the Gaza Strip would greatly help in bringing about an environmental conservation and sustainable economy. The result obviously shows that both SWH and SAH systems are very suitable for space heating for buildings. The maximum annual heating energy gained is 20360.7 kWh at an inclination angle of the solar collector of 30° for SWH. While for SAH the best value of heating delivered was 19268.9 kWh at a tilt angle of 45°. Besides, the result exposes that the use of SWH and SAH systems can potentially save up to $3461.3 and $3275.7 respectively of energy cost annually. The payback achieved on the investment in SWH and SAH is 4.4 and 4 years respectively. Additionally, the utilization of SWH and SAH systems can ultimately save energy as well as potentially reduce emission of air pollution. For instance, using SWH and SAH can reduce 17306.6 and 16378.57 kg/year of CO2 emissions respectively.

Indonesia has targeted 29 % Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction in 2030 and Industry is one of the big two contributors for GHG emissions. As an industry, mining is an energy-intensive industry, and reducing energy consumption is one of the strategies to improve mining environmental performance. The aim of this paper is to estimate the GHG emission reduction in a mining project through energy reduction initiatives. A copper mine in Indonesia with processing plant capacity of 120,000 t/d and operate 111 Caterpillar 793C Haul Truck was taken as a case study. This mine site has two sources of an electricity namely coal-fired power plant with 112 MW output and diesel power plant with 45 MW output. The analysis method for calculating CO2 emission is using IPCC method where fuel consumption and emission factor are two main variables for GHG emissions. Business as usual scenario (TIER 1) showed that the average of diesel fuel consumption for fleets operation generated 294,006 t CO2-eq/y. A coal-fired power plant with average coal consumption of 350 t/d/unit generated 1.15 Mt CO2-eq/y and diesel power plant consumed 4.35 ML/y produced 11,632 t CO2-eq/y. Two energy initiative programs were identified namely fuel conversion and used oil utilisation program. The initiative scenario focused on substituting, reducing and reusing of fossil fuels including coal, diesel fuel, and used oil. This scenario was estimated to contribute the carbon emission reduction (t CO2-eq) of 258,381 annually. The involvement of mining industry in carbon emission reduction is not only helping Indonesia in achieving its GHG emissions reduction target but also increases mine site environmental performance and company image.

Purpose: This paper aims to estimate the use of solar water heaters in Jordanian households and their impact on improving quality of life as well as the Human Development Index (HDI) using data of Jordan. Also to estimate the impact of the rise in electricity prices and power consumption intensity on the installing capacity. Then to predict the solar water heaters characteristics using analytical equations for comparison with the statistical data. Methodology: The study was conducted through a survey covered an area of ​​10 km in diameter from Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan. The area sampling method was implemented. The number of flats studied by the survey was 1033, with a total of 5597 occupants. The survey included questions dealing with the number of households, number of occupants in a given household, area of each flat, and the type and number of solar water heaters installed. Findings: The results obtained showed that the overall number of households who enjoyed solar water heaters was 33%. The Jordanian average solar water heaters area reached 0.22 m2/capita. The increase in the use of solar energy led to an increase in the per capita share of electrical energy, which pushup Jordan's classification from medium class (0.622) to high class (0.729) on the global human development index. Originality: For the first time, a study has been conducted to study the effect of installing solar water heaters on the human development index (HDI). Practical value: Jordan Energy Strategy “2020–2030” aims to equip 30% of the households with a SWH system by 2030. More use of renewable energy in solar water heaters means less dependence on conventional power and more reduction in CO2 emissions, which means more developments in human quality of life and high HDI.

The aim of this study was to explore the association between travel mode choice and individual sociodemographic characteristics among urban city dwellers, as the selection of daily travel modes is influenced by several factors. The study collected 1,290 short daily trips data from 415 respondents living in Klang Valley using a random sampling technique. Logit regression models were utilized to identify the impact of sociodemographic traits on travel mode choices. Men, low education levels, students, and households without children and do not own private vehicles are more likely to choose active transportation. Besides, the study examines the potential for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. Based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 142 kgCO2e or 108 kgCO2e/km of GHG were released by automobiles from the collected travel trip data. The result shows that active transport could potentially achieve 14.52% GHG emission reduction by stated preference and nearly 17% GHG emission reduction by criteria fulfillment. These findings could provide valuable information for developing practical planning policies aimed at reducing GHG emissions from the road transport sector.

Multi-criteria decision-making approach in assessing the key barriers to the adoption and use of SWH in West Africa–Combination of modified Delphi and Fuzzy AHP

Mitigating the greenhouse gas emissions embodied in food through realistic consumer choices

The Iraqi electrical system suffers from an increased electrical load for the available generation, which leads to the separation of a large number of consumers, especially during the peak load period. The water heating load represents a great value, so reducing water heating consumption can reduce the cut-off times. Solar water heaters possess many benefits. Therefore, they are used in many countries in the world today. The climate of Iraq is mostly hot and sunny. This makes using a solar water heater is convenient for consumers, especially in urban areas. For studying the use of solar water heaters in the residential sector, three consumers were selected in Mosul city in northern Iraq. Each consumer differs from the others by the value of their consumption of electrical energy (high, medium, and low). Electricity tariffs for the residential sector in Iraq vary, depending on consumption. The information for the three consumers was obtained from a previous questionnaire. In addition to obtaining their needs for hot water, the results of using solar water heaters on the roofs of the three houses of consumers showed a decrease in electricity consumption and a noticeable saving in the electricity bill. The payback period of the solar water heater system was calculated for each consumer. Reducing consumption reduces the gap between generation and load, resulting in reduced programmed shedding times for consumers. For these benefits and environmental features, it is necessary to generalize the use of solar water heaters in the residential sector in Iraq.

The use of solar water heaters (SWHs) in Taiwan’s remote islands has been subjected to scaling and, in particular, corrosion problems due to sources of water. In this study, four different water quality indices including the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), the Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), the Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI), and the Larson-Skold Corrosive Index (LSCI) were employed to assess the scaling and corrosion tendencies in SWHs caused by tap water and ground water in the Penghu, Kinmen, and Lienchiang counties, each of which is constituted of several remote islands. In general, the LSI, the RSI, and the PSI results show a slight scaling tendency in Penghu, but a corrosion tendency in Kinmen and Lienchiang. Nevertheless, all LSCI results show a serious steel corrosion tendency in these three counties. In addition, the chloride ion (Cl−) concentrations are higher than 45 mg/L in either tap water (except for the Lieyu township in Kinmen) or ground water. This fact resulted in serious corrosion problems, as found in the currently installed SWHs, which were mainly made from 304 stainless steel. The metals with higher corrosion resistance to chloride ions are required in the manufacture of SWHs to be installed on these three remote-island counties.

Evaluating greenhouse gas emission reductions by using solar water heaters: A case of low income households in Ekurhuleni, South Africa

The use of fossil fuels leads to greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and secondary consequences such as desertification and winds in the Middle East and Africa, including Egypt. The use of renewable energy is the most appropriate solution to prevent the emission of polluting gases. Egypt is one of the best places to use solar water heating systems, located in the solar belt. In this paper, for the first time, the best place to use solar water heater (SWH) systems is examined using TSOL 2018 R(1) software and climate data for residential apartments in 35 stations in Egypt. The results showed that Sharm el sheikh station with supplies 96.8% of its total heat needs is the most suitable station for using solar water heating systems. According to the studies performed, using solar water heaters in the studied stations generated good energy savings annually (production of 134.5 GWh of solar heat). Also, greenhouse gas emissions were significantly reduced (preventing the emission of about 39.2 tons of CO2 pollutants per year) and as a result, the government should turn to the use of clean and renewable energy.

The transition towards zero-carbon energy production is necessary to limit global warming. Smart energy systems have facilitated the control of demand-side resources to maintain the stability of the power grid and to provide balancing power for increasing renewable energy production. Virtual power plants are examples of demand–response solutions, which may also enable greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions due to the lower need for fossil-based balancing energy in the grid and the increased share of renewables. The aim of this study is to show how potential GHG emission reductions can be assessed through the carbon handprint approach for a virtual power plant (VPP) in a grid balancing market in Finland. According to our results, VPP can reduce the hourly based GHG emissions in the studied Finnish grid systems compared with the balancing power without the VPP. Typical energy sources used for the balance power are hydropower and fossil fuels. The reduction potential of GHG emissions varies from 68% to 98% depending on the share of the used energy source for the power balancing, thus VPPs have the potential to significantly reduce GHG emissions of electricity production and hence help mitigate climate change.

ABSTRACTAgriculture is responsible for the bulk of Ireland’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the potential to mitigate some of these emissions through the adoption of more efficient farm management practices may be hampered by farmers’ awareness and attitude towards climate change and agriculture’s role in contributing to GHG emissions. This paper presents results from a survey of 746 Irish farmers in 2014, with a view to understanding farmers’ awareness of, and attitudes to, climate change and GHG emissions. Survey results show that there was a general uncertainty towards a number of questions related to agricultural GHG emissions, e.g. if tilling of land causes GHG emissions, and that farmers were reluctant to take action to reduce GHG emissions on their farm. To further explore farmers’ attitudes towards climate change, a multinomial logit model was used to examine the socio-economic factors that affect farmers’ willingness to adopt an advisory tool that would show the potential reduction in GHG emissions from the adoption of new technologies. Results show that farmers’ awareness of human-induced global climate change was positively related to the tool’s adoption.Key policy insightsIrish farmers are generally not sufficiently aware of the impact of their activities on climate change.A quarter of farmers believed that climate change will only impact on their business in the long-term; such an attitude may lead to a reluctance amongst these farmers to adopt management practices that reduce GHG emissions.Awareness of climate change affects positively the adoption of new tools to reduce GHG emissions on farmers’ farms.IT literacy affects willingness to adopt new tools to address GHG emissions.Reception of agri-environmental advice can have a positive influence on farmers’ willingness to adopt new GHG emission abatement tools.Farmers in receipt of environmental subsidies are more likely to adopt new abatement tools, either because they are more environmentally conscious or because the subsidy raised their environmentally consciousness.Willingness to adopt differs between different farm enterprises; operating dairy enterprise increases the willingness to adopt new advisory mitigation tools.