Abstract

BackgroundCerebral edema is a common condition secondary to any type of neurological injury. The early diagnosis and monitoring of cerebral edema is of great importance to improve the prognosis. In this article, a flexible conformal electromagnetic two-coil sensor was employed as the electromagnetic induction sensor, associated with a vector network analyzer (VNA) for signal generation and receiving. Measurement of amplitude data over the frequency range of 1–100 MHz is conducted to evaluate the changes in cerebral edema. We proposed an Amplitude-based Characteristic Parameter Extraction (Ab-CPE) algorithm for multi-frequency characteristic analysis over the frequency range of 1–100 MHz and investigated its performance in electromagnetic induction-based cerebral edema detection and distinction of its acute/chronic phase. Fourteen rabbits were enrolled to establish cerebral edema model and the 24 h real-time monitoring experiments were carried out for algorithm verification.ResultsThe proposed Ab-CPE algorithm was able to detect cerebral edema with a sensitivity of 94.1% and specificity of 95.4%. Also, in the early stage, it can detect cerebral edema with a sensitivity of 85.0% and specificity of 87.5%. Moreover, the Ab-CPE algorithm was able to distinguish between acute and chronic phase of cerebral edema with a sensitivity of 85.0% and specificity of 91.0%.ConclusionThe proposed Ab-CPE algorithm is suitable for multi-frequency characteristic analysis. Combined with this algorithm, the electromagnetic induction method has an excellent performance on the detection and monitoring of cerebral edema.

Highlights

  • Cerebral edema is a common condition secondary to any type of neurological injury

  • Cerebral edema, which can be defined as the abnormal increase and accumulation of intracranial fluid, is a common condition secondary to stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI)

  • It is characterized by extracellular accumulation of fluid resulting from disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and extravasations of serum proteins [2]

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Summary

Introduction

The early diagnosis and monitoring of cerebral edema is of great importance to improve the prognosis. Cerebral edema, which can be defined as the abnormal increase and accumulation of intracranial fluid, is a common condition secondary to stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the early stage of cerebral edema, it is mainly cytotoxic edema characterized by intracellular accumulation of fluid and N­ a+ resulting in cell swelling. Several hours after the onset of cerebral edema, intracranial changes gradually become dominated by vasogenic cerebral edema. At this stage, it is characterized by extracellular accumulation of fluid resulting from disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and extravasations of serum proteins [2]. Effective cerebral edema monitoring is still necessary which will help medical staff to adjust the therapeutic schedule in time

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