Abstract
A cosmological model was developed using the equation of state of photon gas, as well as cosmic time. The primary objective of this model is to see if determining the observed rotation speed of galactic matter is possible, without using dark matter (halo) as a parameter. To do so, a numerical application of the evolution of variables in accordance with cosmic time and a new state equation was developed to determine precise, realistic values for a number of cosmological parameters, such as energy of the universe U, cosmological constant EΛ, curvature of space k, energy density ρΛe, age of the universe tΩ (part 1). That energy of the universe, when taken into consideration during the formation of the first galaxies (FΛ(r), which can partially explain, without recourse to dark matter, the rotations of some galaxies, such as M33, UGC12591, UGC2885, NGC3198, NGC253, DDO161, UDG44, the MW and the Coma cluster. Today, in the MW, that cosmological gravity force is in the order of 1026 times smaller than the conventional gravity force. The model predicts an acceleration of the mass in the universe (q~-0.986); the energy associated with curvature Ek is the driving force behind the expansion of the universe, rather than the energy associated with the cosmological constant EΛ. An equation to determine expansion is obtained using the energy form of the Friedmann equation relative to Planck power PP and cosmic time or Planck force FP acting at the frontier of the universe moving at c. This constant Planck force, from unknown sources, acts everywhere to the expansion of the universe as a stretching effect on the volume. Finally, the model partly explains the value a0 of the MOND theory. Indeed, a0 is not a true constant, but depends on the cosmological constant at the time the great structures were formed (~1 [Gy]), as well as an adjustment of the typical mass and dimension of those great structures, such as galaxies. The constant a0 is a different expression of the cosmological gravity force FΛ as expressed by the cosmological constant, Λ, acting through the energy-mass equivalent during the formation of the structures. It does not put in question the value of G.
Highlights
A cosmological model was developed using the equation of state of photon gas, as well as cosmic time
As aforementioned, we do not consider the existence of dark matter, but rather energy at time t and the mass-energy equivalence acting through the cosmological constant
We propose a bottom-up approach with the following parameters: - Start time of bulbe formation; - Galaxy formation time; - Formation time of the bulbe; - Bulbe mass accumulated during bulbe formation time; - Disc mass accumulated during disc formation time
Summary
The rotation equation involves five parameters to determine, at first glance, the rotation of a galaxy assuming that it has not undergone severe transformations, such as collisions with other massive bodies. The luminous mass is not sufficient to explain the rotation of the outer radius, as the speeds decrease sharply beyond 9 [kpc] This confirms the presence of dark matter (baryonic non-luminous) in this galaxy because cosmological gravity alone is not enough to accurately simulate. The luminous mass of this galaxy is ~4.4 times greater than that of the MW, and its center mass alone is ~21 times greater, which partly explains the great rotation speeds starting in the first 5 [kpc] of the radius This spiral galaxy has been the object of many studies to determine its velocity profile and the mass of hydrogen gas outside its planar disc [15]. Note that its mass is too small to generate rotation speeds beyond 15 [kpc], even in consideration of the cosmological gravity in play at the beginning of formation, around 165 [My]. The luminous mass of this galaxy is sufficient to generate the observed rotation speeds
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