Abstract
In this study, WO3–Nb2O5 electrochromic films and an ITO/WO3–Nb2O5/Nb2O5/NiVOx/ITO all-solid-state electrochromic device were deposited using fast-alternating bipolar-pulsed magnetron sputtering using tungsten and niobium targets. The influence of different sputtering powers from the niobium target on the refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical modulation, coloration efficiency, reversibility, and durability of the WO3–Nb2O5 films is discussed. The aim of this work is to find the suitable Nb proportion to increase durability and less negative effect in the electrochromic performance of Nb2O5-doped WO3 films. The lifetime of the WO3–Nb2O5 films is 4 times longer than pure WO3 films when the sputtering power of the Nb target is higher than 250 W. The results show that WO3–Nb2O5 composite films used for an all-solid-state electrochromic device can sustain over 3 × 104 repeated coloring and bleaching cycles while the transmission modulations can be kept above 20%. The coloring and bleaching response times are 7.0 and 0.7 s, respectively.
Highlights
Electrochromism, a phenomenon displayed by certain materials, is characterized by reversible changes in color when a driving voltage is applied
These devices suffer from characteristically short lifetimes and poor environmental stability because of the absorbed water from the atmosphere that reacts with amorphous WO3 by hydrolysis [12,13,14]
The energy band gap, optical modulation, coloration efficiency and reversibility of WO3 -doped Nb2 O5 films and Nb-doped WO3 films deposited by pulsed spray pyrolysis [21,22], electron beam co-evaporation [23] or sputtering have rarely been investigated and there has been no comparison made between the lifetimes of undoped WO3 and Nb2 O5 -doped
Summary
Electrochromism, a phenomenon displayed by certain materials, is characterized by reversible changes in color when a driving voltage is applied. The electrochromic devices show promise for electronic paper displays because they can be operated at low voltages, either in transmission or reflection mode, and the power consumption is relatively. The energy band gap, optical modulation, coloration efficiency and reversibility of WO3 -doped Nb2 O5 films and Nb-doped WO3 films deposited by pulsed spray pyrolysis [21,22], electron beam co-evaporation [23] or sputtering have rarely been investigated and there has been no comparison made between the lifetimes of undoped WO3 and Nb2 O5 -doped
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