Abstract
Aiming at the problem that the robustness, visibility, and transparency of the existing visible watermarking technologies are difficult to achieve a balance, this paper proposes an adaptive embedding method for visible watermarking. Firstly, the salient region of the host image is detected based on superpixel detection. Secondly, the flat region with relatively low complexity is selected as the embedding region in the nonsalient region of the host image. Then, the watermarking strength is adaptively calculated by considering the gray distribution and image texture complexity of the embedding region. Finally, the visible watermark image is adaptively embedded into the host image with slight adjustment by just noticeable difference (JND) coefficient. The experimental results show that our proposed method improves the robustness of visible watermarking technology and greatly reduces the risk of malicious removal of visible watermark image. Meanwhile, a good balance between the visibility and transparency of the visible watermark image is achieved, which has the advantages of high security and ideal visual effect.
Highlights
Visible watermarking technology has important applications in many fields, such as content protection [1, 2], copyright identification [3], document security [4, 5], and advertising [6]
In most of the visual scenes, the human visual system can see any region in the image, but the important regions of interest only account for a small part, which is called the salient area [34]. erefore, the visible watermark image should not obscure the salient objects in the host image; otherwise, it will affect the value of the host image itself
The sizes of all host images are scaled to 800 ∗ 800 pixels, and the size of the binary visible watermark image is scaled to 120 ∗ 120 pixels
Summary
Visible watermarking technology has important applications in many fields, such as content protection [1, 2], copyright identification [3], document security [4, 5], and advertising [6]. Ese technologies can be divided into three categories [7]: permanent [8,9,10,11], removable [12,13,14], and reversible visible watermarks [15,16,17,18,19,20]. The reversible technology can completely remove the visible watermark image and recover the original host image data without loss. Regardless of the type, the visible watermarking technology must meet three requirements [21]: robustness, visibility, and transparency. Robustness means that it is difficult for the unauthorized person to remove the visible watermark image maliciously or unintentionally through conventional image processing methods, having the ability to resist various destructive attacks. These three requirements are contradictory; it is necessary to achieve a balance between them
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