Abstract
When the low power wide area network (LPWAN) was developed for the internet of things (IoT), it attracted significant attention. LoRa, which is one of the LPWAN technologies, provides low-power and long-range wireless communication using a frequency band under 1 GHz. A long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) provides a simple star topology network that is not scalable; it supports multi-data rates by adjusting the spreading factor, code rate, and bandwidth. This paper proposes an adaptive spreading factor selection scheme for corresponding spreading factors (SFs) between a transmitter and receiver. The scheme enables the maximum throughput and minimum network cost, using cheap single channel LoRa modules. It provides iterative SF inspection and an SF selection algorithm that allows each link to communicate at independent data rates. We implemented a multi-hop LoRa network and evaluated the performance of experiments in various network topologies. The adaptive spreading factor selection (ASFS) scheme showed outstanding end-to-end throughput, peaking at three times the performance of standalone modems. We expect the ASFS scheme will be a suitable technology for applications requiring high throughput on a multi-hop network.
Highlights
Within the internet of things (IoT), objects connect to the internet and provide useful services by exchanging information
We expect the adaptive spreading factor selection (ASFS) scheme will be a suitable technology for applications requiring high throughput on a multi-hop network
We proposed an ASFS scheme to enhance throughput by supporting factors with inexpensive single-channel long range (LoRa) modules
Summary
Within the internet of things (IoT), objects connect to the internet and provide useful services by exchanging information. LoRa is a CSS based physical layer, and LoRaWAN [2] is a data link layer based on LoRa, which provides a star topology network between a gateway and end-devices. The LoRaWAN gateway (e.g., SX1301 [3]) communicates over multi-channels with multi-spreading factors With this technique, end devices simultaneously communicate with the gateway using different channels and data rates without pre-negotiation and enabling the gateway to accommodate about. The LoRaWAN constructs single-hop networks with a high-cost/high-performance gateway and low-cost/low-performance end-devices. We consider a multi-hop LoRa network for applications requiring an extensive network because the asymmetric structure of the LoRaWAN is not suitable for constructing multi-hop networks: High-performance gateway routers increase network deployment costs. We propose an adaptive spreading factor selection (ASFS) scheme that enables every device, supporting a single-data rate to achieve a multi-data rate.
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