Abstract

Around the world, governments are establishing Marine Protected Area (MPA) networks to meet their commitments to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. MPAs are often used in an effort to conserve biodiversity and manage fisheries stocks. However, their efficacy and effect on fisheries yields remain unclear. We conducted a case-study on the economic impact of different MPA network design strategies on the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fisheries in Canada. The open-source R package that we developed to analyze this case study can be customized to conduct similar analyses for other systems. We used a spatially-explicit individual-based model of population growth and dispersal coupled with a fisheries management and harvesting component. We found that MPA networks that both protect the target species’ habitat and were spatially optimized to improve population connectivity had the highest net present value (i.e., were most profitable for the fishing industry). These higher profits were achieved primarily by reducing the distance travelled for fishing and reducing the probability of a moratorium event. These findings add to a growing body of knowledge demonstrating the importance of incorporating population connectivity in the MPA planning process, as well as the ability of this R package to explore ecological and economic consequences of alternative MPA network designs.

Highlights

  • Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have risen to be among the most popular measures to conserve biodiversity and manage populations subjected to strong fishing pressure

  • Careful consideration should be paid to the placement of MPAs relative to the natural history of focal species, if connectivity is rooted in the objectives and/or design

  • It addresses the interaction between MPA network design and population connectivity. To illustrate how this toolkit can be applied to different scenarios, we address two specific objectives: (1) examine if having a network of connected MPAs provides more resilience/population stability compared to having a single small, isolated MPA; and (2) determine if there is an economic benefit associated with connected networks of MPAs compared to other potential MPA designs

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Summary

Introduction

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have risen to be among the most popular measures to conserve biodiversity and manage populations subjected to strong fishing pressure. MPAs offer ‘safe zones’ for individuals to breed and grow, potentially facilitating population persistence. Careful consideration should be paid to the placement of MPAs relative to the natural history of focal species, if connectivity is rooted in the objectives and/or design. Studies based on genetic analyses have revealed that invertebrate larvae disperse shorter distances than fish species (~50–100 vs 100–200 km, respectively) (Kinlan & Gaines, 2003; Shanks et al, 2003), suggesting that optimal size and spacing between MPAs should be adjusted according to the target species

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