An 8-Week, Low Carbohydrate, High Fat, Ketogenic Diet Enhanced Exhaustive Exercise Capacity in Mice Part 2: Effect on Fatigue Recovery, Post-Exercise Biomarkers and Anti-Oxidation Capacity.

Qingyi Huang,Takaki Tominaga,Chunhong Liu,Sihui Ma,Katsuhiko Suzuki

doi:10.3390/nu10101339

Qingyi Huang, Takaki Tominaga + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101339

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Abstract

A low-carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional approach ensuring that the body utilizes lipids. In our previous study, we found that an eight-week ketogenic high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet increased the capacity of endurance exercise in mice without aggravated muscle injury, despite the decrease of absolute muscle volume. The potential mechanism is most possibly to be enhanced capacity to mobilize and utilize fat. In the present study, we investigated whether a ketogenic diet influences post-exercise recovery by measuring blood biomarkers, muscle and liver oxidative state as well as fatigue recovery 24 h post exercise by employing an open-field locomotion test. Several biochemistry markers indicating exercise-induced injury after exhaustive exercise were improved by KD, followed by a 24-h rest with free feed access, including lactate. No aggravated hepatic oxidative damage was observed, whereas muscular oxidative stress was increased by KD. Accelerated recovery induced by exhaustive exercise was also observed from blood biomarkers of injury. For fatigue recovery, lactate concentration, a marker often employed as exhaustion index was lowered by KD, whereas an open field test showed that KD application contributed to increased locomotion after exhaustive exercise, followed by a 24-h rest. These results suggest that KD has the potential to be used as a fatigue-preventing and/or recovery-promoting diet approach in endurance athletes.

Highlights

The short-term ability of a well-designed ketogenic diet (KD) for weight loss is prominent in a variety of experimental subject models, including humans, rodents and aquaticsNutrients the long-term effect of KD on weight control is yet to be concluded, since
We investigated the impact of an eight-week keto diet (KD) on post-exercise protection of muscle and organ damage, as well as the influence of the diet on fatigue recovery
Along with enhanced exercise performance, the muscle damage caused by exhaustive exercise was attenuated by KD

Summary

Introduction

Marathons and prolonged endurance exercises are usually accompanied by fatigue and tissue/organ damage, e.g., muscle damage, acute kidney injury and hepatic dysfunction [1,2,3].Several markers are employed for exercise-induced tissue/organ damage, such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP)for hepatic damage, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) for muscle damage, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine for renal damage, and amylase and lipase for pancreasNutrients 2018, 10, 1339; doi:10.3390/nu10101339 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrientsNutrients 2018, 10, 1339 permeability [4,5,6,7,8]. Marathons and prolonged endurance exercises are usually accompanied by fatigue and tissue/organ damage, e.g., muscle damage, acute kidney injury and hepatic dysfunction [1,2,3]. Several markers are employed for exercise-induced tissue/organ damage, such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP). To counter the negative impacts of endurance exercise-induced injuries, nutritional approaches, such as sports supplements, and macro- or micronutrients administration, are often adopted [5,9,10,11]. Accumulation of different metabolites, such as lactate, Pi, ammonia or Ca2+ , the depletion of glycogen, which is the main energy origin in a carbohydrate-centered metabolic system, and oxidative stress during endurance exercise may result in fatigue [12,13,14,15,16]. Plasma lactate level was investigated in the present study

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