Abstract
This paper presents a novel 3-D maximum power point tracking (3-D MPPT) system for energy harvesting systems (EHS) within Internet of Things (IoT) smart nodes. The proposed 3-D MPPT utilizes a switch width modulation (SWM) technique for improving power efficiency (PE) at idle ( $\mu \text{A}$ ) and heavy (>300 $\mu \text{A}$ ) load modes. The SWM eliminates the gate driver/conduction loss tradeoff in a reconfigurable switched capacitor charge pump (SCCP). The proposed SWM technique modulates the SCCP switch resistance in proportion to the load condition, input voltage, and $V_{\mathrm {gs}}$ applied. A cold startup technique is incorporated in the proposed EHS with an energy-aware algorithm for input harvester select purpose. The fabricated test chip in 65-nm CMOS technology can harvest solar and thermal energy from 0.35 V and provides a regulated output voltage at 1 V with the peak efficiency of 88% at 200 $\mu \text{W}$ and PE >60% at 100 nW.
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