Amsterdam Residents and Their Attitude Towards Tourists and Tourism

Cognitive empathy (the ability to infer another person's thoughts and feelings) and emotional empathy (the ability to emotionally resonate with another person's feelings) have been associated with social adjustment. Traditionally, these skills are assessed with self-report measures. However, these may not adequately reflect people's actual empathic abilities. There is only little and inconsistent empirical evidence on associations between performance-based empathy and positive social adjustment. In the study presented here, we gathered further evidence for such an association. Using a realistic interaction task in which unfamiliar women were paired into dyads and talked about positive and negative events in their lives, we assessed empathic accuracy (an indicator of cognitive empathy) and emotional congruence (an indicator of emotional empathy). Additionally, we obtained 2 indicators of social adjustment: participants' self-rated satisfaction regarding the communication with their partner in the interaction task, and their self-rated satisfaction with social relationships in general. We furthermore explored the role of potential moderators, which may help to explain discrepant past findings. To test for contextual and interindividual differences, we distinguished between positive and negative emotional valence in the empathy task and investigated 2 adult age groups (102 younger women: 20-31 years; 106 older: 69-80 years). For almost all analyses, only empathic skills for positive (not for negative) affect were predictive of social adjustment, and the associations were comparable for younger and older women. These results underline the role of valence in associations between empathic skills and social adjustment across the life span. (PsycINFO Database Record

The 2006 health insurance legislation obligates each resident to purchase a basic health policy. If a person fails to purchase a basic health plan, (s)he is by implication uninsured. An assumption underpinning the new legislation is that consumers must take responsibility for themselves and can make informed choices. In the view of municipal governments, social security recipients in their community often are not competent enough to do so and for that reason need support. The study investigates how municipal governments provided them with administrative support to prevent them becoming uninsured. Empirical data for this research were collected by desk research. Municipal governments actively support social security recipients. Individual responsibility and consumer choice are good for the great majority of the population, but may entail problems for social security recipients. To avoid that they are uninsured or become a defaulter, municipal governments conclude a group contract with health insurers. There are clear indications that this strategy has been effective to reduce the number of uninsured people. Health insurance legislation based on the principle of individual responsibility requires a policy to support social security recipients in society. Such a policy may imply restrictions to individual responsibility.

1.Introduction Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was poet, philosopher, musician and portraitist from Bengal, India. He is mostly famous for poetry. He was the first Asian winner of Nobel Prize (Mahvashan, 2018: 144-146). Tagore is known as the Indian Goethe, he is among the most distinguished Indian characters who supported Mahatma Gandhi in Indian Independence Movement (Watt, 2018: 452). He is among the poets who has been influenced by philosophical thoughts and new European literary genres due to India colonization by England, familiarity with English language, education in Europe, reading western authors’ works and also through translating and researching intellectual and literary works. Ahmad Shamlou is Iranian poet, author, lexicographer, scholar and translator who is considered as the main representative of free verse in Iran. He has been influenced by western culture and literature due to travels and translating European works. Shamlou has lectured in countries like Germany and America as committed open-minded poet. Shamlou also won Stig Dagerman Prize at the end of his life. This prize dedicated to Shamlou for defending freedom of speech and discussion (Shahrjerdi, 2003: 25). Tagore and Shamlou are both universal poet and scholar, committed open mind, humanitarian and philosopher who have expressed their emotions and thoughts in their poems well and have influenced by western culture and literature directly or indirectly. Both of them pay attention to poetic beauties. They also were interested in music, theater and drama. Tagore has travelled to Iran tow times and he has spoken about his Iranian origin in both times in his lectures: “I am Iranian and my ancestors migrated to India from this land. I am glad to have come to my ancestors’ homeland.” (Mahvashan, 2018: 146). Shamlou has also read Tagore’s poems and even he has tape recorded Chitra Play in his voice (Pourazimi, 2018: 558-560). Therefore, the evidences show that Shamlou has been indirectly influenced by him. Among literary schools, romanticism components form the most common features between Shamlou and Tagore poems which is analyzed and investigated based on indices mentioned in authentic literary schools books in their poems. According to commentators, romanticism mostly has these indices: freedom, character, emotion and feelings, naturalism, escape and travel, revelation, the magic of speech, returning to Middle Ages and legends, unanimous and lyrical songs and epic poems, reflecting century diseases, paying attention to play, different types of novel and… but romanticism differed in different countries due to social, political and cultural conditions (Seyyed Hosseini, 2016: 183-189). Comparative literature has been changed and progressed many times from the beginning due to its international, cultural and interdisciplinary content. Therefore, various views have been proposed to analyze and investigate nations’ literature works. But two schools are more famous and more popular among other ones: French school of comparative literature, American school of comparative literature. But this study mostly analyzes romanticism parameters in Shamlou and Tagore poems based on comparative literature school. Totally, American school of comparative literature has been mostly based on similarity not difference which is distinguished in French school; American school mostly relies on modern criticism and gives originality to text not to hypertext. Thus, this school also pays attention to literature and other human wisdoms such as beautiful arts and even experimental sciences (Khatib, 2020: 46 narrated by Seyyedi, 2017: 52-53). 2. Methodology This study has investigated the most important components of romanticism mostly based on the principles of American comparative school in Shamlou and Tagore poems through descriptive-analytical method and quantitative evaluation. Shamlou poems which are studied are: Poems of Irons and Feelings, The Verdict, Fresh Air, The Mirror Orchard, Moments and Forever, Ayda in the Mirror, Ayda: Tree, Dagger, Remembrance, Phoenix in the Rain, The Eulogies of Soil, Blossoming in the Moist, Abraham in the Fire, Poniard in the Plate, Little Rhapsodizes of Exile, Unrewarded Eulogies, On the Threshold, The Tale of Mahan’s Restlessness, these poems have been collected during 1945-2000 and have been published in a book titled: Ahmad Shamlou, the Works Collection of First Book, Poems (2016). Tagore’s poems which have been analyzed mentioned in the literature review. Thus, Tagore’s poems translated and Shamlou’s poems reread and according to the most important sources of recognizing literary schools, comparative literature and criticism, the most principal indicators of romanticism have been identified and classified in the poems of Shamlou and Tagore which compared and analyzed by mentioning examples and the frequency of most components have been quantitatively evaluated. 3. Discussion Poems of Tagore and Shamlou are analyzable in different literary dimensions, especially components and features of romanticism. Although they are different in worldview, spatial, temporal and lingual conditions, they have similarities considering some intellectual and literary attitudes and lyrical concepts. This essay has comparatively investigated the most important components of romanticism such as: nature, imagination, individuality, freedom, travel, nostalgia and love in their poems. Totally, they have equally used three components of nature, human behavior, nature and individuality in their poems. Both of them love nature and have used natural elements to create imaginary pictures; but Shamlou has used imagination elements more than Tagore. Shamlou has symbolically used nature to develop political and social concepts and Tagore has used it to develop the meaning of mysticism and personal feeling. Both of them expressed their feelings. Emotions and thoughts using nature and they have not only aimed at describing the appearance of nature in their poems and they used nature symbolically. Individuality also plays an expansive role in the poems of both poets. Both of them try to express their personal thoughts and feelings. When Shamlou talks about myself, the reader approximates to his real and true character in his life, but reader faces with poet’s momentary feeling and emotion in Tagore’s poems and as Shamlou does not page his personal and real life book, individuality associates with social and human self in Shamlou’s poems and this is less in Tagore’s poems. Both of them believe in love and except sweetheart’s physical aspects they considered her soul and clarity. The identity of sweetheart is clear in romantic poems that Shamlou has composed for Ayda. Tagore does not mention his sweetheart in is romantic poems but is some poems is concluded that he meant his wife from woman. Both of them challenged for human freedom, made corrections in society, both of them considered life and death as a journey. 4. Conclusion Considering romanticism components in the poems of Shamlou and Tagore it is concluded that: both poets are similar to each other considering the frequency of using three nature, human behavior and individuality components in their poems. Both of them love nature and have used nature elements to create imaginary picture, expressing feelings and thoughts and have attributed human behaviors to nature to approximate more to nature. Individuality appears more in their poems: Shamlou used individuality sometimes in collective concept. Except poetry, both of them tried to make corrections in the society as an open mind. Releasing people from captivity and corrupted thoughts were their intellectual challenge. Travel is also a component which is used equally in their poems. Both of the considered life and death as a journey. Shamlou has used imagination element more than Tagore. Despite the lack of happy childhood, childhood nostalgia is obvious in their poems. Nostalgia and loneliness have been considered by both of them. Tagore and Shamlou believed in love and except the physical beauties of sweetheart, they considered her soul and clarity. But Tagore explained mystical sweetheart than earthly sweetheart in his poems.

Dijital dönüşüm tüketicileri de birer içerik üreticisi konumuna taşıyarak markalar ve tüketiciler arasında gerçekleşen iletişim sürecinin dinamiklerinin değişmesine neden olmuştur. Bu sürecin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan etkileyici pazarlama, markalar ve tüketiciler arasında samimi ve güvenilir ilişkilerin inşa edilmesini kolaylaştıran bir pazarlama stratejisidir. Diğer yandan dijitalleşme ile hayatımıza giren ve sosyal hayatın hemen her alanında etkisini hissettirmeye başlayan bir diğer kavram olan post-hakikat, kamuoyu oluşturmada kişisel inanç, duygu ve düşüncelerin nesnel gerçeklerden daha etkili olması durumu olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Etkileyici pazarlama ve post-hakikat ile ilgili literatür incelendiğinde bu kavramların ortaya çıkmasına ve yükselişe geçmesine zemin hazırlayan unsurların benzerlik gösterdiği görülmektedir. Buradan hareketle bu çalışma ile ilk olarak post-hakikat olgusunu etkileyici pazarlama açısından analiz etmek, ikinci olarak ise etkileyici pazarlama uygulamalarının hedef kitle üzerindeki etkilerini post-hakikat bağlamında tartışmak amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda çalışmanın literatür taraması bölümünde etkileyici pazarlama ve post-hakikat kavramları ele alınarak uygulama kısmında 14 katılımcı ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmış ve elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda katılımcıların takip ettikleri etkileyiciler bağlamında kişisel inanç, duygu ve düşünceleri ile hareket ettikleri, takip edilen etkileyicilerin samimi ve güvenilir bir bilgi kaynağı olarak kabul edildiği ve WOM’un başlatıcısı ve dağıtıcısı konumunda oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda post-hakikatin etkilerinin etkileyici pazarlama uygulamaları aracılığıyla tüketicilerin davranışlarına da yansıdığı ve etkileyicilerin doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak post-hakikat olgusunun meşrulaşmasına ve pekişmesine zemin hazırlayabilecekleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

This study examined the effects of both immediate and cumulative contextual knowledge on empathic accuracy. Participants viewed excerpts from videotapes of 3 simulated psychotherapy sessions and attempted to infer each client's actual thoughts and feelings. Immediate contextual knowledge was varied by controlling the informational channels available. Cumulative contextual knowledge was varied by presenting the excerpts from each tape in either their original order or in a random order. The results revealed that empathic accuracy in this clinically relevant context was primarily dependent upon verbal, rather than nonverbal, cues. Knowledge of the cumulative meaning context was also important, however, in that it led perceivers to respond in a schema-driven fashion that sometimes facilitated, but at other times impaired, their empathic accuracy. Empathic accuracy is a measure of a perceiver's ability to accurately infer the specific content of another person's thoughts and feelings (Ickes, 1993). To date, none of the studies that used Ickes, Stinson, Bissonnette, and Garcia's (1990) procedure for assessing empathic accuracy has focused on the types of contextual cues that might influence empathic inference. Moreover, only two studies have examined the verbal and nonverbal cues that perceivers might use in making such inferences (Ickes et al., 1990; Stinson & Ickes, 1992). Accordingly, in the present study we examined the roles of both the immediate contextual cues (the verbal and nonverbal behaviors that precede each reported thought or feeling) and the cumulative contextual cues (the emergent meaning context that develops as a function of the temporal nature of an interaction) in the on-line inference of the specific content of a target person's successive thoughts and feelings. The essential questions we are posing in the present study are (a) What is the nature of the context that promotes the greatest accuracy in a perceiver's inferences about a target person's specific thoughts and feelings? and (b) Will the emergent cumulative meaning context facilitate such accuracy beyond the effect of the immediate meaning context provided by the words and actions that immediately precede each of the target person's reported thoughts and feelings'?

Innovative wildfire mitigation by municipal governments: Two case studies in Western Canada

Until now, the degree of compliance or adherence to treatment has been considered only in the context of determining and correcting a clinical approach to the patient or, in a few studies, as a determinant of public health. Another, unrelated at first glance, to this is the problem of assessing performance quality of medical organizations. The prevailing practice in such assessment is the correlation of certain elements of performance of a medical organization and the performance standard, as a rule, outlined in regulatory documents. In this case, there is an approach to consider the patient as a passive object, rather than an active object of relations between them and medical organizations. However, if we are to consider the patient as an active object, then a more positive attitude of the patient, in accordance with the presented logic, should be expressed in higher performance evaluation of the medical organization and healthcare system in general. A more positive attitude of the patient can manifest itself in the degree of their compliance or adherence to treatment. The available literature shows that significance of compliance as a social characteristic of the patient for developing an attitude to the organization of medical care delivery is hardly covered. The purpose of the study was: to analyze significance of the degree of compliance as a social characteristic of the patients in the formation of their attitudes towards the organization of medical care provided in outpatient settings. Material and methods. The primary data were obtained through interviewing 502 patients of medical organizations in Moscow that provide medical care in outpatient settings. The first (main) group included patients with a high level of compliance – 197 patients. The second group (the first control group) included patients with a low level of compliance – 131 patients. The third group (unspecified compliance level) included 171 patients. Results. With a high degree of compliance, the patients are more loyal to the activities of the medical organization and the city (district) administration related to the organization of medical care compared to patients with a low degree of compliance. They differentiate the performance of a medical organization and more critically evaluate the work of the administration rather than the medical organization. Patients with a low degree of compliance do not carry out such a differentiation and give equally low ratings to the performance of both the medical organization and state and municipal authorities (administration). A decrease in the degree of patient compliance is combined with more frequent complaints about the organization of work of narrow specialists, the registry and management of the medical organization. More compliant patients had fewer complaints about work organization of all departments in the polyclinic. Most often such claims were related to work organization of narrow specialists and management of the polyclinic. Conclusion. With a high degree of compliance, patients are more loyal to the work of the medical organization and city (district) administration in terms of medical care organization rather than patients with a low degree of compliance. They differentiate performance of medical organizations and evaluate the work of the administration more critically rather than a medical organization. Patients with a low degree of compliance do not carry out such differentiation and give equally low ratings to the work of both the medical organization and state or municipal authorities (administration).

The use of public-nonprofit partnerships (PNPs) and intergovernmental schemes of social service provision has been growing in China, making intergovernmental management of PNPs a matter of salient importance. This article proposes an intergovernmental analytical framework that links the adoption of competitive contracting to PNP management. It argues that intergovernmental preference incoherence and stewardship relations lead to collusion between collaborating governments and nonprofits, and that higher-level governments, in response, may intervene by adopting competitive contracting to change the steward nonprofits back to agents. The article examines social service contracting in Shanghai. Facing a lack of nonprofit participation, the municipal government imposed competitive contracting, but the reform was trapped in an intergovernmental implementation game involving the municipal government, district governments, and nonprofits. Although the municipal government combined coercion and incentives to forge a quick policy breakthrough, its central management system was hampered by institutional and resource constraints. The city's district governments tacitly resisted the reform program, and the nonprofits were weak and passive.

In recent years, the field of Narrative Pharmacy was introduced, which particularly addresses the pharmacist not only to guide a relationship of listening to and caring for the patient but also to strengthen and motivate toward the profession, improve relationships with colleagues, enhance the ability to teamwork, and understand emotions. In this paper, we report the analysis behind the construction of the Value Chart from the personal narratives of members of the Italian Society of Hospital Pharmacy. Each member’s subjective professional experiences and their own view of themselves within society were collected through a semi-structured interview. Personal thinking, including experiences, feelings, opinions, desires, and regrets was classified by objective methods, from which main concepts were extracted for the Value Chart. The feedback to the survey, including activities during the Covid-19 pandemic management, is classified according to the analytical methods of Kleinman, Frank, Bury and Launer-Robinson. Regarding sentiment analysis, the emotional and subjective context of the text provides an ideal baseline to validate the result. The analysis was implemented using neural networks trained on dictionaries and natural language (i.e., Tweets). The originality of the work lies in the fact that generally value charters are built on a Society’s values. In contrast, in this case, individual contributions were gathered to complement the ethical values on which the society is founded.

58 early modern political theory was constructed .’’ Two surprising gaps in the Companion affect the 1660–1700 period especially. One is the lack of a chapter on translation, which (the editor points out) played ‘‘a vital role in the establishment of early modern female literary culture.’’ Translations by Hutchinson, Philips, and Behn, among others, contributed materially to that culture but get short shrift in this volume . The brevity of discussion of female friendship, erotic or companionate (two paragraphs only, both relating to Katherine Philips), is unfortunate also; this was a topos (and factor) of no small significance in the development of seventeenth-century women’s writing, as some modern studies have shown. Karina Williamson University of Edinburgh ANNE KELLEY. Catharine Trotter: An Early Modern Writer in the Vanguard of Feminism. Hampshire, England: Ashgate , 2002. Pp. vi ⫹ 279. $79.95. In a combative book, Ms. Kelley surveys Trotter’s reputation, texts, and career in order to prove that this ‘‘early modern writer’’ is not ‘‘obscure, dull and narrow-minded’’and to ‘‘reposition [her] as a radical feminocentric writer.’’ Relentlessly defensive, Ms. Kelley hardly concedes that Trotter could have misunderstood something or that her texts have flaws. The inflexible tone which she attributes to Trotter replaces an older distortion with a new unreal singlemindedness . Throughout, consistency and a prudential feminism that eschews sexual unconventionality are virtues in themselves. Ms. Kelley argues that ‘‘the school of feminist criticism which advocates that women rejectthetraditionalrationalmale discourse as part of the phallocentric structure in favour of a more emotional writing based on the female body’’ is ‘‘simplistic,’’ returns women to society’s ‘‘margins,’’and deprives them of respect. For her, Trotter’s ‘‘unwavering’’ adherence to ‘‘rational morality’’providesasolution for complicated human dilemmas and will be taken seriously in public debate . Trotter is ‘‘adamantly opposed’’ to positions other than her own: Trotter’s seemingly tireless rebuttals in her argumentative essays of writers who attacked Locke and Samuel Clarke are presented as solely a matter of her holding on to an argument. Trotter’s ‘‘project [is] to demonstrate that women [can] speak with intellectual authority.’’ Trotter never deviates from a feminist pragmatism that allows a woman to yield to her body’s urges only insofar as is consistent with a self-controlled resolvetoavoidsocialdisapproval . Female characters who think in the ‘‘rational’’ way men do show women how to be powerful. Trotter’s texts are flattened, and outrageous emotional convolutions and logical perversities praised. We aretoadmire The Unhappy Penitent (1701) because its heroine demands that the hero obey what he has contracted to do no matter what the result; The Revolution of Sweden (1706) is praised because its heroine ‘‘prioritises the welfare of her country over her personal feeling’’ (and ends up murdered for her pains). Ms. Kelley dismisses those readers who find lesbianism in Trotter and Sarah Lady Piers’s correspondence and Trotter’s Agnes de Castro (1696); I suggest we can make poignant moral sense of this tragedy by paying attention to the profound revulsion against coerced heterosexual contact that fills the 59 soliloquies of all the women charactersin Trotter’s plays who, as Ms. Kelley says, turn to other women for support and comfort . Ms. Kelley mischaracterizes Piers’s letters to the young Trotter when she says the affection displayed is ‘‘rhetorical rather than literal.’’ Piers’s letters jar the reader with the writer’s awkward apologies as she voices her passionate inability to stopherselffromutteringwhatshesays Trotter will see as a transgression. Behind Trotter’s repetitiveness, abstraction from experience, and austere impersonality is a woman who endured ridicule, low status, and, in reaction, was inclined to sudden identifications with admired people and passionate loyalties. In her youth, she converted from Anglicanism to Catholicism and back again; in her later years, she writes as a woman who married because she had to and has lived in isolatedpoverty;thestrainedcontent of her essays represents her way of asserting a barricaded self-respect. Her letters reveal the limited choices and rejections her position inflicted on her. Ms. Kelley analyzes a poem to reveal that Trotter identified with ‘‘the dilemma faced by poor and obscure men like [Stephen ] Duck,’’ but fails to connect this identification with Trotter’s intense presentation of her self...

ObjectThe current study examines whether and how self‐disclosure, the voluntary sharing of personal thoughts and feelings, explains the behavioral processes through which two dimensions of perfectionism, the drive for perfection (i.e., perfectionistic strivings) and worry about imperfection (i.e., perfectionistic concerns), are associated with both partners' marital satisfaction in different ways.BackgroundAlthough many studies identified the contrasting effects of different dimensions of perfectionism on relationship quality, only a few clearly examined the interpersonal mechanism underlying their distinct effects in a dyadic context. This study aimed to address this research gap.MethodThe study recruited a dyadic sample of 158 mixed‐gender married couples from South Korea to investigate their levels of (a) perfectionistic strivings and concerns, (b) self‐disclosure, and (c) marital satisfaction using a pencil‐and‐paper survey. Data were analyzed using the actor–partner interdependence mediation model (APIMeM) within a structural equation modeling framework.ResultsPerfectionistic strivings were associated with being more open to sharing personal thoughts and feelings (i.e., higher self‐disclosure), which in turn predicted higher marital satisfaction for the person exhibiting them and their partner. Conversely, perfectionistic concerns were linked to being less likely to share personal thoughts and feelings, which in turn predicted lower marital satisfaction for both partners.ConclusionThese results reveal that each partner's self‐disclosure significantly explained the processes by which perfectionistic strivings and concerns predicted higher or lower levels of couples' marital satisfaction, respectively.

Subject. The article discusses the system of local government in urban districts of the Russian Federation, its distinctions and development impediments. Objectives. The study determines whether it is reasonable to create internal municipal entities in cities of urban districts from perspectives of their fiscal and administrative self-sufficiency. Methods. I used general methods of research, such as comparison, analysis, synthesis, analogy and systems approach. Results. I analyzed financial and organizational conditions for urban districts and internal city districts in the Russian Federation before and after local government reforms. Nowadays, internal districts in cities are found to have ceased their financial and administrative independence, whether they have their own budget or not. Their operations do not improve the overall local government system. Therefore, I suggest setting the mechanism for the bottom-to-top authority assignment, rather than the top-to-bottom one. Thus, internal municipal entities will be allowed to determine powers, allocate funds, delegate them to urban district authorities. Local authorities will show better performance, since people will be directly involved in local decision-making processes and support their initiatives before municipal authorities. Conclusions and Relevance. The analysis and recommendations will help municipal entities of the Russian Federation make decisions concerning their intentions to become an urban district with internal districts within a city. The findings are useful to outline development lines for local government in Russia.

The activation of socio-economic development of the Far Eastern Federal District has aroused interest around Russian and foreign practices for improving the quality of life of city residents, particularly in developing a network of protected areas (PA). The study’s goal is to analyze the structure of the network of protected areas in 11 Сity Districts including the administrative centers of the constituent entities that are of the part of the Far Eastern Federal District is presented. Research objectives: determination of the structure’s elements of the urban protected areas network; identification of quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the key elements of the PA network; conducting a comparative analysis in City Districts according to the degree of activation of the progress of forming a PA network. The work was carried out using the comparative geographical research method. Regulatory documents, statistical materials, cadastral information and target programs were analyzed. Networks of urban PA include three components: PA of federal, regional and municipal levels; ecological corridors, buffer zones. Yakutsk, Vladivostok and Blagoveshchensk lead in terms of the PA total area, which is due to the large area of these municipalities. Out of the 11 City Districts studied, 9 have organized protected areas of different levels of management and 14 categories. But protected areas of federal, regional, and municipal significance were developed in only two – “Yakutsk City” and “Blagoveshchensk City District”. It was established that PA of 14 categories were organized in 9 City Districts. The specificity of urban protected natural sites is reflected in the establishment of categories of PA with significant areas of wild nature as a calm zone, a resource reserve, a protected coastline, and a protected natural landscape. The network of PA in most City Districts is underdeveloped. The exceptions are “Blagoveshchensk City District”, “Vladivostok City District” and “YakutskCity”, where the indicator “share of protected areas from the total area of the City District” is 44,3, 29,5 and 25,7 % respectively. The picture of the formation of a PA network in City Districts of the Far Eastern Federal District is presented. The characteristics of PA were determined by natural factors, settlement and economic development practices, institutional changes, the realities of regional development of urban planning cases taking into account the environmental component. The research findings serve as an information basis for creating scenarios for the strategic development of City Districts including the environmental component that permeates the entire city fabric.

Many cities' municipal governments have made some version of “sustainability” an explicit policy goal over the past two decades. Previous research has documented how the operationalisation and conceptualisation of sustainability in urban sustainability plans vary greatly among cities, particularly with respect to environmental justice. This article reports on whether and how large American cities incorporate environmental justice into their urban sustainability indicator projects. Our findings suggest that while there has been an increase in the number of cities incorporating environmental justice elements into sustainability plans since the early 2000s, their conceptualizations and implementations of sustainability remain highly constrained. The paucity of evaluative tools suggests that environmental justice efforts are potentially losing traction in public debate over macro-scale sustainability concerns (e.g. climate change) or the need for regionally competitive environmental amenities (e.g. parks). This paper concludes with suggestions for revising existing sustainability plans to better reflect environmental justice concerns.

Social change or business as usual at city hall? Examining an urban municipal government's response to neighbourhood-level health inequities