Abstract
An invariant-amplitude formalism is presented which features manifest gauge invariance and provides a convenient separation of the prominent dynamical components for $\ensuremath{\gamma}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\Delta}$. Kinematic constraints and low-$t$ theorems are analyzed in terms of $s$- and $t$-channel helicity amplitudes. Various dynamical models are discussed in terms of the general formalism and constraints.
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