Abstract
Aim: To evaluate photodynamic therapy (PDT) in vitro to reduce the growth of Candida spp, and its synergy with the antifungals fluconazole and ketoconazole for inhibition of resistant, DDS and susceptible isolates from asymptomatic carriers and with complicated vulvovaginitis. Methods: Between 2017 and 2020, we evaluated 230 women with vulvovaginal candidiasis and 400 asymptomatic. We obtained 130 positive cultures for Candida spp from vulvovaginitis and 94 asymptomatic. Yeasts were characterized by classical and molecular tests. Sensitivity to fluconazole and ketoconazole was evaluated by E-test. We used photodynamic light through blue LED, wavelengths between 450 to 470 nm, power of 260 mW, energy fluence of 270 J/cm2, for 15 minutes over all colonies of Candida spp. Methylene blue (MB) at 450 mg/mL, 2% gentian violet (VG) and 50 μM curcumin (CR) were used in association or not with LED irradiation. Suspensions of Candida spp of 106 CFU/mL, subjected to the different assays, were introduced in 96-well microplates, incubated for 48 hours at 35˚C and the readings at 530 nm. The samples were finally cultivated in Petri plates containing Sabouraud dextrose agar to assess the growth inhibition. All procedures were in triplicate. Results: C. albicans was prevalent in vulvovaginal candidiasis, however, we also isolated non-albicans species such as C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. There was a substantial reduction (66.6% to 83.8%) of the CFU/mL of the isolates treated with FDT. Gentian violet at 2% alone reduced the growth of CFU/ml of Candida spp from 69% to 75%. Among isolates of vaginitis and asymptomatic carriers, after using FDT, we found a reduction in resistant phenotypes and DDS for fluconazole in percentages from 20% to 100% for C. albicans, from 50% to 100% C. glabrata, 33.3% to 100% C. parapsilosis and 100% C. tropicalis. For ketoconazole in the same isolates, there was a reduction in phenotypes with MIC > 16 μg/mL of up to 50% in C. albicans, 50% to 100% C. glabrata, 50% to 100% C. tropicalis. Conclusions: PDT with MB, GV and CR revealed efficacy in vitro in reducing the growth of C. albicans and non-albicans, especially due to chronic recurrent vulvovaginitis.
Highlights
Three out of four women have at least one episode of vaginal candidiasis during their reproductive years, 40% of whom will experience a second episode and 5% of them will have recurrent vaginitis that is characterized by four or more episodes of vaginitis during one year, with clinical diagnosis and confirmation by culture [1] [2] [3]
The present study aims to verify in vitro the synergistic effect of the combination of photodynamic light associated with sensitizers such as methylene blue, gentian violet or curcumin to inhibit the growth of Candida spp from complicated VVC and asymptomatic women
We identified isolates with a resistant and dose-dependent profile to fluconazole, both among C. albicans and non-albicans species, coming from materials collected from patients with chronic and recurrent vaginitis such as Candida albicans (13, 11.92%), C. tropicalis (1, 33.3%), C. parapsilosis (3, 60%), C. glabrata (5, 50%), and those obtained from asymptomatic women, such as Candida albicans (5, 6.94%), C. tropicalis (1, 10%), C. parapsilosis (1, 12.5%), C. glabrata (3.75%)
Summary
Three out of four women have at least one episode of vaginal candidiasis during their reproductive years, 40% of whom will experience a second episode and 5% of them will have recurrent vaginitis that is characterized by four or more episodes of vaginitis during one year, with clinical diagnosis and confirmation by culture [1] [2] [3]. Vulvovaginal infection by Candida spp is diagnosed by clinical and epidemiological conditions, without which colonization cannot be distinguished from infection. About 20% to 30% of women have vaginal colonization by Candida spp and are asymptomatic [7]. The epidemiological profile of women with recurrent idiopathic vulvovaginitis has not yet been established [12] [13]
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