Abstract
Here, we report the conversion of bulk Li alloying anode reactions into surface reactions by the construction of amorphous structured SnSx active materials encapsulated in robust carbon nanofiber anodes. The high-temperature phase transformation from SnS to SnS2 is used to construct the SnSx (1 < x < 2) active material with an amorphous structure and ultra-tiny particle size, leading to a decreased Li+ diffusion path, weakened volume change ratio, but considerably enhanced capacitance. The amorphous structure changes the Li-storage mechanism from Li-intercalation to the surface reaction, which endows each active particle with a rapid (de)lithiation characteristic. As a result, the high-rate (dis)charge property with a long-term cycle life is obtained for SnSx@NC, which delivers an excellent rate capability of 633.4 mAh g-1 under 7 A g-1 and a capability retention of 785.2 mAh g-1 after 1600 cycles under 2 A g-1.
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