Abstract
Background—Osteoporosis is characterized by defects in both quality and quantity of bone tissue, which imply high susceptibility to fractures with limitations of autonomy. Current therapies for osteoporosis are mostly concentrated on how to inhibit bone resorption but give serious adverse effects. Therefore, more effective and safer therapies are needed that even encourage bone formation. Here we examined the effect of extracellular vesicles secreted by human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC) (AFSC-EV) on a model of osteoporosis in vitro. Methods—human AFSC-EV were added to the culture medium of a human pre-osteoblast cell line (HOB) induced to differentiate, and then treated with dexamethasone as osteoporosis inducer. Aspects of differentiation and viability were assessed by immunofluorescence, Western blot, mass spectrometry, and histological assays. Since steroids induce oxidative stress, the levels of reactive oxygen species and of redox related proteins were evaluated. Results—AFSC-EV were able to ameliorate the differentiation ability of HOB both in the case of pre-osteoblasts and when the differentiation process was affected by dexamethasone. Moreover, the viability was increased and parallelly apoptotic markers were reduced. The presence of EV positively modulated the redox unbalance due to dexamethasone. Conclusion—these findings demonstrated that EV from hAFSC have the ability to recover precursor cell potential and delay local bone loss in steroid-related osteoporosis.
Highlights
Osteoporosis, involving increased bone porosity, is a common systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass and both structural and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist [1]
Effect of amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC)-extracellular vesicles (EV) on Viability and Apoptotic Process Modulated by Dexamethasone
MTT assay with increasing concentrations of dexamethasone showed that human pre-osteoblast cell line (HOB) viability was significantly decreased by 60% by 50 μM DEXA treatment, while, albeit to a lesser extent, starting from 20 μM, this parameter was significantly affected (Figure 1A)
Summary
Osteoporosis, involving increased bone porosity, is a common systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass and both structural and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist [1]. This complex skeletal disorder can be divided into two types: Primary and secondary osteoporosis. Secondary osteoporosis refers to when the disorder is present as a consequence of an adverse response to a medication, change in physical activity, or another medical condition Common examples of this type include glucocorticoid- and immobilizationinduced osteoporosis [3]. Results—AFSC-EV were able to ameliorate the differentiation ability of HOB both in the case of pre-osteoblasts and when the differentiation process was affected by dexamethasone
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