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Abstract
Alum-treatment was extensively applied to archaeological wood from the Oseberg collection in the early 1900s, and was a common conservation method at the time involving impregnating objects with hot concentrated solutions of potassium alum (KAl(SO4)2⋅12H2O). This now obsolete consolidation method has led to dramatic long-term consequences, heavily affecting the state of preservation of the historical wooden artefacts, and dedicated chemical characterisation campaigns have been undertaken to better understand the degradation processes and aid development of re-treatment strategies. Analyses with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental microanalysis, and ion chromatography (IC) was performed, suggesting the presence of ammonium alum (NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O) in many alum-treated wood samples, though no record exists of use of ammonium compounds during treatment of the artefacts. C/N rations of 1.70–68.8 in wood samples, and ammonium alum contents between 8 and 84% of the alum component and 23–168 mmol/100 g of total sample suggested that objects were actually treated with various mixes of potassium and ammonium alum. The two alums have similar properties, and in model studies of their behaviour under the conditions of alum-treatment appeared to form similarly acidic solutions, thus the different alum mixtures probably did not significantly influence object treatment. Nor have we observed other indications of unusual degradation pathways related specifically to the presence of ammonium alum. Nonetheless, investigations into potential re-treatment of the archaeological objects must be adjusted accordingly.
Highlights
After excavation in the early 1900s, many of the waterlogged wooden artefacts from the Viking age Oseberg collection in Norway were alum-treated, which was a widely used conservation method up until the 1950s, especially in Scandinavia [1−3]
Identification of ammonium in alum‐treated wood samples The main feature we used here to clearly distinguish ammonium from potassium alum was a distinctive band in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum around 1430 cm−1
Such evidence of ammonium alum was first noticed in micro-infrared spectroscopy (μFTIR) maps, from which fairly pure spectra of small alum particles could be obtained
Summary
After excavation in the early 1900s, many of the waterlogged wooden artefacts from the Viking age Oseberg collection in Norway were alum-treated, which was a widely used conservation method up until the 1950s, especially in Scandinavia [1−3]. Alum-treated wood from the Oseberg collection was the wood that was most bacterially degraded on excavation [12], and since nitrogen-fixing bacteria have been associated with wood decay [13−15], it was considered that ammonia or ammonium compounds could have accumulated to some extent in the wood, and reacted with alum when treated. Another ammonium source could be the alum treatment. The two salts were difficult to separate once mixed [20]
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