Abstract
The present work evaluated the capability of Arthrospira platensis complete biomass (ACDW) and the lipid-free biomass (LFB) to remove ammonium ions (NH4+) from aquaculture wastewater discharge. Under controlled conditions in flasks filled with 100 mL of distilled water (synthetic aqueous solution), a batch process ion-exchange was conducted by changing the main parameters including contact times (15, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 180 min), initial ammonium ion concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100 mg·L−1), and initial pH levels (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) at various dosages of ACDW and LFB as adsorbents (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 g). After lab optimization, ammonia removal from real aquaculture wastewater was also examined. The removal of ammonium using ACDW and LFB in the synthetic aqueous solution (64.24% and 89.68%, respectively) was higher than that of the real aquaculture effluents (25.70% and 37.80%, respectively). The data of IR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the existence of various functional groups in the biomass of ACDW and LFB. The adsorption equilibrium isotherms were estimated using Freundlich, Langmuir, and Halsey models, providing an initial description of the ammonia elimination capacity of A. platensis. The experimental kinetic study was suitably fit by a pseudo-second-order equation. On the other hand, as a result of the treatment of real aquaculture wastewater (RAW) using LFB and ACDW, the bacterial counts of the LFB, ACDW, ACDW-RAW, and RAW groups were high (higher than 300 CFU), while the LFB-RAW group showed lower than 100 CFU. The current study is the first work reporting the potential of ammonia-loaded microalgae biomass as a feed source for the rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis). In general, our findings concluded that B. plicatilis was sensitive to A. platensis biomass loaded with ammonia concentrations. Overall, the results in this work showed that the biomass of A. platensis is a promising candidate for removing ammonia from aquaculture wastewater.
Highlights
Introduction distributed under the terms andThe increase in population in recent years has led to the continuous development and expansion of aquaculture activities, which have directly led to an increase in water consumption, causing many problems, especially the issue of wastewater disposal
This study examined the potential application of Arthrospira platensis NIOF17/003 complete dry weight (ACDW) and lipid-free biomass (LFB) as low-cost, readily available, highly stable, and environmentally friendly sorbents for the removal of ammonium ions (NH4 + ) from synthetic aqueous solution, as well as its applicability to real aquaculture wastewater
ACDW and LFB was examined as a feed source for a marine rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis)
Summary
The increase in population in recent years has led to the continuous development and expansion of aquaculture activities, which have directly led to an increase in water consumption, causing many problems, especially the issue of wastewater disposal This wastewater usually contains a high content of nitrogen, which comes mainly from fish conditions of the Creative Commons. These methods have several disadvantages such as being no environmentally friendly, inefficient, and without economic value on large-scale application [1,2,3,4] This aquaculture waste is laden with various types of pollutants, especially high quantities of nitrogenous compounds, mainly in ammonia form (NH4 + ). There has been global interest in the removal of pollutants from different types of wastewater attributed to the high potency of these pollutants to contaminate food and water sources in addition to establishing appropriate growth parameters for several pathogenic microorganisms [6]
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