Abstract
BackgroundAminorex, (RS)-5- Phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine, is an amphetamine-like anorectic and in the United States a Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA] Schedule 1 controlled substance. Aminorex in horse urine is usually present as a metabolite of Levamisole, an equine anthelmintic and immune stimulant. Recently, Aminorex identifications have been reported in horse urine with no history or evidence of Levamisole administration. Analysis of the urine samples suggested a botanical source, directing attention to the Brassicaceae plant family, with their contained GlucoBarbarin and Barbarin as possible sources of Aminorex. Since horsepersons face up to a 1 year suspension and a $10,000.00 fine for an Aminorex identification, the existence of natural sources of Aminorex precursors in equine feedstuffs is of importance to both individual horsepersons and the industry worldwide.ResultsTesting the hypothesis that Brassicaceae plants could give rise to Aminorex identifications in equine urine we botanically identified and harvested flowering Kentucky Barbarea vulgaris, (“Yellow Rocket”) in May 2018 in Kentucky and administered the plant orally to two horses. Analysis of post-administration urine samples yielded Aminorex, showing that consumption of Kentucky Barbarea vulgaris can give rise to Aminorex identifications in equine urine.ConclusionsAminorex has been identified in post administration urine samples from horses fed freshly harvested flowering Kentucky Barbarea vulgaris, colloquially “Yellow Rocket”. These identifications are consistent with occasional low concentration identifications of Aminorex in equine samples submitted for drug testing. The source of these Aminorex identifications is believed to be the chemically related Barbarin, found as its precursor GlucoBarbarin in Kentucky Barbarea vulgaris and related Brassicaceae plants worldwide.
Highlights
Aminorex, (RS)-5- Phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine, is an amphetamine-like anorectic and in the United States a Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA] Schedule 1 controlled substance
Aminorex is an Association of Racing Commissioners International [ARCI] Class 1, Penalty class A foreign substance, associated with a high potential for influencing a horse’s racing performance owing to its stimulant properties. These identifications led to significant penalties against horsemen [3] but the Aminorex identifications continued, indicating that horsemen were unaware of the source of these
Levamisole, an anthelmintic and immune stimulant used in horses and livestock, was implicated as a source of Aminorex identifications in 2007 [2]
Summary
Aminorex, (RS)-5- Phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine, is an amphetamine-like anorectic and in the United States a Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA] Schedule 1 controlled substance. Aminorex, (RS)-5-Phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine (C9H10N2O, MW 162.19, Fig. 1) is an amphetamine-like anorectic and central stimulant medication and a United States Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA] Schedule 1 controlled substance. Aminorex is an Association of Racing Commissioners International [ARCI] Class 1, Penalty class A foreign substance, associated with a high potential for influencing a horse’s racing performance owing to its stimulant properties. These identifications led to significant penalties against horsemen [3] but the Aminorex identifications continued, indicating that horsemen were unaware of the source of these. The association of Levamisole with Aminorex led to the classification of Levamisole by ARCI as a Class 2 Penalty Class B foreign substance
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