Amino acid metabolism associated with N‐mobilization from the flag leaf of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during grain development

Abstract

ABSTRACTField‐grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Castell) was used to study changes in the free amino acid pools of different plant parts and related enzyme activities in the flag leaf throughout the grain‐filling period in three consecutive growing seasons. Amino acid analysis data indicated that, during senescence, the nitrogen flow in the flag leaf was directed towards the synthesis of glutamine as a specific nitrogen transport form. Of the enzymes involved, total glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) and especially ferredoxin‐dependent glutamate synthase (Fd‐GOGAT; EC 1.4.7.1) activities declined continuously as senescence progressed. Unlike (chloroplastic) GS2, (cytosolic) GS1 was shown to be very persistent suggesting a special role for this isoenzyme in the N‐reallocation process. Glutamate‐oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT; EC 2.6.1.1), glutamate‐pyruvate transaminase (GPT; EC 2.6.1.2) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH; EC 1.1.1.42) showed a characteristic biphasic activity profile after anthesis. It is proposed that these enzymes, for each of which at least two isoenzymes were demonstrated, are involved in glutamate synthesis at the later stages of leaf senescence. Ammonium levels were fairly constant throughout the flag leafs life span, an ultimate rise often following peak values of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH; EC 1.4.1.4) activity. The enzymology of flag leaf amino acid metabolism during grain development is further discussed in relation to observations of NH3‐volatilization from naturally senescing wheat plants.