Abstract
Biomaterial surface modification represents an important approach to obtain a better integration of the material in surrounding tissues. Different techniques are focused on improving cell support as well as avoiding efficiently the development of infections, such as by modifying the biomaterial surface with amine groups (–NH2). Previous studies showed that –NH2 groups could promote cell adhesion and proliferation. Moreover, these chemical functionalities may be used to facilitate the attachment of molecules such as proteins or to endow antimicrobial properties. This mini-review gives an overview of different techniques which have been used to obtain amine-rich coatings such as plasma methods and adsorption of biomolecules. In fact, different plasma treatment methods are commonly used with ammonia gas or by polymerization of precursors such as allylamine, as well as coatings of proteins (for example, collagen) or polymers containing –NH2 groups (for example, polyethyleneimine). Moreover, this mini-review will present the methods used to characterize such coatings and, in particular, quantify the –NH2 groups present on the surface by using dyes or chemical derivatization methods.
Highlights
The use of implants or medical devices in the human body may cause problems of integration with surrounding tissues as well as infections due to microbial colonization
The results showed major changes in their structure with a loss of the intact rod-like shape for E. coli and of the spherical shape for S. aureus, which may indicate damage of cell membrane
Multiple methods have been developed to create amine-rich coatings such as plasma techniques and more importantly plasma polymerization, which is a method widely used for its numerous advantages
Summary
The use of implants or medical devices in the human body may cause problems of integration with surrounding tissues as well as infections due to microbial colonization. This advantage is important as it will determine if the implant succeeds due to the attachment and proliferation of cells Another advantage of using these chemical groups is the possibility of exploiting them for the immobilization of molecules such as enzymes [7,8], antibiotics [9], or silver nanoparticles [10,11]. In this way, it is possible to endow antibacterial properties to the coating. It is possible to endow antibacterial properties to the coating In this mini-review, the methods related to the generation of amine groups at the surface of the material will be discussed. The techniques used to characterize the material and especially to quantify the amine groups will be presented: Physicochemical characterization of the coatings: contact angle (CA) measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); Amine groups quantification: dyes methods (Coomassie Brilliant Blue, Orange II) or chemical derivatization (with glutaraldehyde, or compounds in vapor phase)
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