Ameliorative effect of apple cider vinegar and p-coumaric acid combination in Ex ovo antimicrobial and in vivo wound healing models

Abstract

BackgroundApple cider vinegar (ACV) is most commonly used in sweet and sour Chinese cuisine. This study aimed to overcome the side effects of raw ACV, by increasing the concentration of p-Coumaric acid (p-CA), a polyphenolic component of ACV. The combination (diluted ACV with p-CA) has also been compared with individual raw ACV and p-CA to confirm if the overall dosage of the ACV can be reduced to avoid side effects and if the combination therapy had any better effect than the individual component itself. ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound healing effects of ACV and p-CA combination with individual components ACV and p-CA. MethodsThe antimicrobial properties of the samples were assessed by determining the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using the broth microdilution method, and zone of inhibition (ZOI) and an ex ovo study was also done to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of the samples in live embryo. For the evaluation of the test samples excision wound was created in Swiss male albino mice weighing 25–30 g of either sex to estimate parameters like wound contraction rate, WBC and platelet count, SOD and GSH levels. Histopathological analysis of the skin was also done. ResultIn DPPH and ABTS antioxidant assays, the combined sample (ACV + p-CA) had lower IC50. The combination therapy also showed the best antimicrobial potential against P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis. In this context, ex-ovo antimicrobial study results showed that diluted ACV + p-CA treated live embryo samples had the least bacterial growth after 48 h, in comparison with non-treatment group as well as individually ACV and p-CA treated samples. In vivo study depicted that the highest dose of the combination test sample had the best wound contraction rate and antioxidant marker enzymes elevation compared to diseased control proving the potency to restore the wound healing progression. ConclusionACV and p-CA combination can be used with daily intake as this combination can prevent microbial contamination and oxidative stress additionally can repair wounds more safely than raw ACV.