Abstract
Objective: Ayurveda and Chinese pharmacopeia have highlighted the traditional medicinal uses of Solanum torvum Sw. The fruits are ethnomedical used in the treatment of liver and spleen enlargement, cough, and also used as a hematopoietic, antimicrobial, and analgesic agent. In the present study, the amelioration of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity of the aqueous extract of S. torvum Sw. fruits is evaluated.
 Methods: The hepatoprotective activity of the fruit extract against APAP insult was evaluated by assessing it is in vivo antioxidants status, membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle marker enzymes and also through histopathological studies of the liver.
 Results: Administration of the aqueous fruit extract of the plant caused a significant increase in the in vivo antioxidant status as evident from the reduction in lipid peroxidation caused by APAP and improvement in the mitochondrial membrane stability which is proved from the activity of membrane-bound ATPases and TCA cycle marker enzymes. Histological studies also supported the fact that the plant extract proved to revive the architecture of the toxin damaged liver tissues in par with silymarin. The chemical pathological changes were consistent with histopathological observations suggesting marked hepatoprotective effect of the aqueous extract of S. torvum.
 Conclusion: The results showed that the extract of S. torvum Sw. fruits has hepatoprotective potential which may be due to the antioxidant activity of its phytoconstituents, especially flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, etc.
Highlights
Liver, one of the largest organs in human body, is the chief site for intense metabolism and excretion
lipid peroxides (LPOs) levels are found to be markedly increased and the level of enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GSH peroxidase (GPx), and GST) and nonenzymatic antioxidant; GSH is decreased in the liver tissues of APAP-induced rats (Group II) when compared to normal rats
Significant reduction in the antioxidant status is observed in rats induced with APAP when compared with normal control rats
Summary
One of the largest organs in human body, is the chief site for intense metabolism and excretion. The liver injury caused by drugs is a major health problem that challenges the health care professionals and the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory agencies. When drugs injure the liver and disrupt its normal functions, symptoms, and signs of liver diseases develop [1]. More than 50% of the acute liver failure is accounted for by liver injury caused by drugs, including hepatotoxicity caused by overdose of acetaminophen (APAP). During the detoxification of APAP, reactive oxygen species (ROS) (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine [NAPQI]) are generated which cause oxidative stress leading to hepatic damage. Plants are the rich source of active ingredients for health care products, with many blockbuster drugs being directly or indirectly derived from plants. Many high value plant-derived natural products remain undiscovered or unexplored for their pharmacological activity [2]
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