Ambitoric geometry I: Einstein metrics and extremal ambikähler structures

Abstract

Abstract We present a local classification of conformally equivalent but oppositely oriented 4-dimensional Kähler metrics which are toric with respect to a common 2-torus action. In the generic case, these “ambitoric” structures have an intriguing local geometry depending on a quadratic polynomial q and arbitrary functions A and B of one variable. We use this description to classify 4-dimensional Einstein metrics which are hermitian with respect to both orientations, as well as a class of solutions to the Einstein–Maxwell equations including riemannian analogues of the Plebański–Demiański metrics. Our classification can be viewed as a riemannian analogue of a result in relativity due to R. Debever, N. Kamran, and R. McLenaghan, and is a natural extension of the classification of selfdual Einstein hermitian 4-manifolds, obtained independently by R. Bryant and the first and third authors. These Einstein metrics are precisely the ambitoric structures with vanishing Bach tensor, and thus have the property that the associated toric Kähler metrics are extremal (in the sense of E. Calabi). Our main results also classify the latter, providing new examples of explicit extremal Kähler metrics. For both the Einstein–Maxwell and the extremal ambitoric structures, A and B are quartic polynomials, but with different conditions on the coefficients. In the sequel to this paper we consider global examples, and use them to resolve the existence problem for extremal Kähler metrics on toric 4-orbifolds with second Betti number b 2 = 2 ${b_{2}=2}$ .